Early Start (New Zealand) Meets HHS Criteria

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2023

In brief

Evidence of model effectiveness

Title General population Tribal population Domains with favorable effects
Early Start (New Zealand) Yes, Meets HHS Criteria Meets HHS criteria Does not meet HHS criteria for tribal population because the findings from high- or moderate-rated effectiveness studies of the model in tribal populations do not meet all required criteria.
  • Child development and school readiness,
  • Child health,
  • Positive parenting practices,
  • Reductions in child maltreatment,

Model description

Early Start is a home visiting program designed to improve child health, reduce child abuse, improve parenting skills, support parental physical and mental health, encourage family economic well-being, and encourage stable, positive partner relationships. Early Start was designed for at-risk families in the general population, and the developers took steps to make the model culturally responsive to the Māori, an indigenous population of New Zealand. Early Start serves families with newborns and children up to age 5.

Home visitors deliver services at varying levels of intensity depending on the family’s needs. Families with the highest needs receive up to three hours of home visits and indirect contact per week (level 1); families with moderate needs receive up to three hours of home visiting every two weeks (level 2); families with lower needs receive up to one hour of home visiting monthly (level 3); and "graduate" families receive up to one hour of contact every three months (level 4). Home visitors in consultation with their supervisors determine when a family is ready to progress to the next level. 
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Extent of evidence

Results of search and review
Number of manuscripts
At least one finding was eligible for review…
5
  …and at least one finding rated high
0
  …and at least one finding rated moderate (but none rated high)
1
  …and all findings that were eligible for review rated low or indeterminate2
2
  …but manuscript is additional source3
2

1When an individual manuscript reports findings from multiple studies, HomVEE reviews each study as a distinct manuscript. In these rare instances, HomVEE counts that manuscript multiple times in this table, once for each study identified, screened, and reviewed by HomVEE.

2Manuscripts that receive a rating of indeterminate have findings that may rate moderate or high in response to additional information from the author. The indeterminate rating was applied to manuscripts beginning with the 2023 review.

3Additional sources have findings or details that perfectly overlap with another manuscript and are not rated.

For more information, see the research database. For more information on the criteria used to rate research, please see details of HomVEE’s methods and standards.
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Summary of findings

To see details on each finding HomVEE reviewed in well-designed research, click on the name of an outcome domain in the tables below. Findings rated low quality by HomVEE are not summarized here.

Outcomes
Findings

Outcome Child Development and School Readiness

Findings:
Favorable: 2
No effect: 5
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1

Outcome Child Health

Findings:
Favorable: 3
No effect: 4
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

Outcome Family Economic Self-Sufficiency

Findings:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 4
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

Outcome Linkages and Referrals

Not measured

Outcome Maternal Health

Findings:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 5
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

Outcome Positive Parenting Practices

Findings:
Favorable: 3
No effect: 1
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

Outcome Reductions In Child Maltreatment

Findings:
Favorable: 2
No effect: 0
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

Outcome Reductions in Juvenile Delinquency, Family Violence, and Crime

Findings:
Favorable: 0
No effect: 1
Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0

The section above focuses on findings from the full sample in a study. Subgroups that have been replicated in distinct samples also have findings reported above. HomVEE does not report the findings of non-replicated subgroups. Beginning with research reviewed in 2021, however, HomVEE lists those subgroups on the details page of each manuscript that had at least one finding that rated moderate or high.

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Criteria established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Information based on comprehensive review of all high- and moderate-rated manuscripts
CriterionCriterion descriptionCriterion met?
1High- or moderate-quality impact study?Yes
2Across high- or moderate-quality studies, favorable impacts in at least two outcome domains within one sample OR the same domain for at least two non-overlapping samples?Yes
3Favorable impacts on full sample?Yes
4Any favorable impacts on outcome measures sustained at least 12 months after model enrollment?
Reported for all research but only required for RCTs.		Yes
5One or more favorable, statistically significant impact reported in a peer-reviewed journal?
Reported for all research but only required for RCTs.		Yes

Notes: If the model does not meet criterion 3 but meets criteria 1 and 2 based on findings from subgroups, the impacts must be replicated in the same domain in two or more studies using non-overlapping analytic study samples. HomVEE assesses and reports criteria 4 and 5 for all models that have well-designed research, but meeting those two criteria is only required of models for which all findings are from randomized controlled trials. Please read the HHS criteria for evidence-based models for more information.

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