Family Check-Up^® For Children

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2017

Effects shown in research & outcome measure details

Child development and school readiness

Findings rated high

Connell, A., Bullock, B. M., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D., Wilson, M., & Gardner, F. (2008). Family intervention effects on co-occurring early childhood behavioral and emotional problems: A latent transition analysis approach. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(8), 1211-1225.

Family Check-Up^® For Children

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Remaining in “normal” (no externalizing or internalizing), age 2 to 3	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 3.75	Not available	Not available
Remaining in “normal” (no externalizing or internalizing), age 3 to 4	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 1.94	Not available	Not available
Transition from comorbid (externalizing and internalizing) at age 2 to “normal” at age 3	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 60.42	Not available	Not available
Transition from comorbid (externalizing and internalizing) at age 3 to “normal” at age 4	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 167.80	Not available	Not available
Transition from externalizing at age 2 to “normal” at age 3	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 0.89	Not available	Not available
Transition from externalizing at age 3 to “normal” at age 4	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 0.89	Not available	Not available
Transition from internalizing at age 2 to “normal” at age 3	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 1.01	Not available	Not available
Transition from internalizing at age 3 to “normal” at age 4	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	Early Steps Multisite Study Sample	Not available	Not available	Not available	OR = 9.35	Not available	Not available

Show outcome measure summary

Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Remaining in “normal” (no externalizing or internalizing), age 2 to 3	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL ’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4
Remaining in “normal” (no externalizing or internalizing), age 3 to 4	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL ’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4
Transition from comorbid (externalizing and internalizing) at age 2 to “normal” at age 3	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL ’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4
Transition from comorbid (externalizing and internalizing) at age 3 to “normal” at age 4	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL ’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4
Transition from externalizing at age 2 to “normal” at age 3	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL ’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4
Transition from externalizing at age 3 to “normal” at age 4	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4
Transition from internalizing at age 2 to “normal” at age 3	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4
Transition from internalizing at age 3 to “normal” at age 4	The CBCL assesses behavioral and emotional problems in young children. The CBCL Internalizing scale comprises four Subscales (Emotional Reactivity, Anxiety and Depression, Somatic Problems, and Social Withdrawal) and the Externalizing scale comprises two subscales (Aggression and Attention Problems). The researchers performed Latent Class Analyses (LCA) on the CBCL’s subscales and developed four optimal classes at ages 2, 3, and 4: normative, externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid. Latent transition analyses were then conducted to examine transitions across classes from age 2 to 3 and from age 3 to 4.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s α = 0.82 to 0.91 across ages 2, 3, and 4

Lunkenheimer, E. S., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Connell, A. M., Gardner, F., Wilson, M. N., & Skuban, E. M. (2008). Collateral benefits of the family check-up on early childhood school readiness: Indirect effects of parents’ positive behavior support. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1737–1752.

Family Check-Up^® For Children

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Inhibitory control, Age 3, SEM	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	731 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote297 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used structural equation models to estimate the impact, and reported an estimate, coefficient, standard error, and p-value.
Language skills, Age 3, SEM	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	731 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote297 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used structural equation models to estimate the impact, and reported an estimate, coefficient, standard error, and p-value.

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Inhibitory control, Age 3, SEM	A 13-item subscale of the Child Behavior Questionnaire that measures child inhibitory control. Each item is a description of a child behavior. Mothers rate each item on a scale of 1 (extremely untrue of child) to 7 (extremely true of child). The scores for all items are averaged together.	Questionnaire completed by caregiver	Cronbach's alpha = 0.687 (internal consistence reliability for the sample at age 3)
Language skills, Age 3, SEM	An assessment of language ability for children ages 2-6 measured by the Fluharty-2 Preschool Speech and Language.Screening Test	Child interview	Cronbach's alpha = 0.899 (internal consistency reliability for the sample at age 3)

Shaw, D. S., Connell, A., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (2009). Improvements in maternal depression as a mediator of intervention effects on early childhood problem behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 417–439.

Family Check-Up^® For Children

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 3, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	651 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 4, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	619 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Statistically significant, p<0.05
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Internalizing, Age 3, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	651 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Internalizing, Age 4, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	619 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Statistically significant, p<0.05
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 3, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	642 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 4, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	616 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Statistically significant, p<0.05
Growth in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing from ages 2 to 4, Latent growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ages 3 and 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	731 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Study reported = 0.23	Statistically significant, p<0.05¹	footnote270 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a latent growth model to estimate the impact, and reported a coefficient, standard error, and effect size.
Growth in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Internalizing from ages 2 to 4, Latent growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ages 3 and 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	731 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Study reported = 0.21	Statistically significant, p<0.05¹	footnote270 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a latent growth model to estimate the impact, and reported a coefficient, standard error, and effect size.
Growth in Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score from ages 2 to 4, Latent growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ages 3 and 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	731 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Study reported = 0.23	Statistically significant, p<0.05¹	footnote270 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a latent growth model to estimate the impact, and reported a coefficient, standard error, and effect size.

Show outcome measure summary

Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 3, Correlation	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 2, Cronbach’s a = 0.89 at age 3, Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 4
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 4, Correlation	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 2, Cronbach’s a = 0.89 at age 3, Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 4
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Internalizing, Age 3, Correlation	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s a = 0.82 at age 2, Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 3, Cronbach’s a = 0.91 at age 4
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Internalizing, Age 4, Correlation	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s a = 0.82 at age 2, Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 3, Cronbach’s a = 0.91 at age 4
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 3, Correlation	The Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory is a 36-item behavior checklist that assesses two factors: (1) the perceived intensity, and (2) degree a behavior is a problem for caregivers. The researchers focused on the problem factor, which asks caregivers to report on the extent the behavior is a problem for the parent using a 7-point scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistency = 0.84 at age 2, 0.90 at age 3, and 0.94 at age 4
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 4, Correlation	The Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory is a 36-item behavior checklist that assesses two factors: (1) the perceived intensity, and (2) degree a behavior is a problem for caregivers. The researchers focused on the problem factor, which asks caregivers to report on the extent the behavior is a problem for the parent using a 7-point scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistency = 0.84 at age 2, 0.90 at age 3, and 0.94 at age 4
Growth in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing from ages 2 to 4, Latent growth model	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 2, Cronbach’s a = 0.89 at age 3, Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 4
Growth in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Internalizing from ages 2 to 4, Latent growth model	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach’s a = 0.82 at age 2, Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at age 3, Cronbach’s a = 0.91 at age 4
Growth in Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score from ages 2 to 4, Latent growth model	The Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory is a 36-item behavior checklist that assesses two factors: (1) the perceived intensity, and (2) degree a behavior is a problem for caregivers. The researchers focused on the problem factor, which asks caregivers to report on the extent the behavior is a problem for the parent using a 7-point scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistency = 0.84 at age 2, 0.90 at age 3, and 0.94 at age 4

Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L., Gardner, F., & Arnds, K. (2006). Randomized trial of a family-centered approach to the prevention of early conduct problems: 2-year effects of the family check-up in early childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 1–9.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
CBCL Aggression Scale (Revised version for age 4 follow-up)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3 and Age 4	Pittsburgh sample	92 children	Mean at age 3 = 9.85 (SD 4.04). Mean at age 4 = 6.96, (SD 4.76) = 9.85	Mean = 8.93	Difference = -1.16	HomeVEE calculated = 30.22	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote44 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 HomVEE calculated the difference in growth rates as the change over time (mean at age 4 minus mean at age 3) for the program group minus the change over time for the comparison group. , footnote46 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on the results of the authors’ analysis using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
CBCL Destructive Scale (Revised version for age 4 follow-up)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3 and Age 4	Pittsburgh sample	92 children	Mean at age 3 = 2.66 (SD 1.82), Mean at age 4 = 1.87 (SD 1.87) = 2.66	Mean = 3.21	Difference = 0.15	HomeVEE calculated = 3.00	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote46 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on the results of the authors’ analysis using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
CBCL Physical Aggression	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3 and Age 4	Pittsburgh sample	92 children	Mean at age 3=0.96, (SD=1.07). Mean at age 4=0.65, (SD= 0.95). = 0.96	Mean = 0.67	Difference = -0.42	HomeVEE calculated = 30.27	Statistical significance not reported	footnote44 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 HomVEE calculated the difference in growth rates as the change over time (mean at age 4 minus mean at age 3) for the program group minus the change over time for the comparison group.

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
CBCL: Aggression, Scale Physical Aggression Destructive Scale	The CBCL is a questionnaire that assesses behavioral problems in young children. The two versions of the questionnaire, ages 2–3 and ages 4–18, have two broadband scales—(1) Internalizing, and (2) Externalizing—and narrow-band scales, which include destructive and aggressive behavior for the ages 2–3 version. The researchers focused on the two narrow-band scales from the 2–3 version: Destructive and Aggression. To approximate the use of the same constructs at age 4, the researchers revised the 4–18 version and only included items that were also on the ages 2–3 versions of the Destructive and Aggression Scales.	Parent/caregiver report	aggression Scale: Cronbach’s α = 0.82 at age 2, Cronbach’s α = 0.84 at age 3, Cronbach’s α = 0.86 at age 4 Physical aggression: Not reported by author Destructive Scale: Cronbach’s α = 0.60 at age 2, Cronbach’s α = 0.71 at age 3, Cronbach’s α = 0.73 at age 4

Sitnick, S. L., Shaw, D. S., Gill, A., Dishion, T., Winter, C., Waller, R., Gardner, F., & Wilson, M. (2015). Parenting and the family check-up: Changes in observed parent-child interaction following early childhood intervention. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 970–984.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 5, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 5	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	614 families	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 5, T-test	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 5	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	614 families	Unadjusted mean = 0.43	Unadjusted mean = 0.47	Mean difference = -0.04	HomeVEE calculated = 0.11	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.

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Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 5, Correlation	This measure was created from 8 oppositional and aggressive items from the CBCL. The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children.	Parent/caregiver report	alpha=0.80
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 5, T-test	This measure was created from 8 oppositional and aggressive items from the CBCL. The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children.	Parent/caregiver report	alpha=0.80

Findings rated moderate

Gardner, F., Connell, A., Trentacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2009). Moderators of outcome in a brief family-centered intervention for preventing early problem behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 543–553.

Family Check-Up^® For Children

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 3, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	651 children	Unadjusted mean = 55.83	Unadjusted mean = 56.11	Mean difference = -0.28	HomeVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p=0.70	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 4, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	619 children	Unadjusted mean = 52.68	Unadjusted mean = 54.67	Mean difference = -1.99	HomeVEE calculated = -0.19	Statistically significant, p=0.02	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Ages 3 and 4, Latent growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ages 3 and 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	723 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Statistically significant, p<0.05²	footnote266 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a latent growth model to estimate the impact.
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 3, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	642 children	Unadjusted mean = 59.18	Unadjusted mean = 60.06	Mean difference = -0.88	HomeVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p=0.28	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 4, Mean and SD	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	616 children	Unadjusted mean = 58.64	Unadjusted mean = 60.63	Mean difference = -1.99	HomeVEE calculated = -0.18	Statistically significant, p=0.03	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Ages 3 and 4, Latent growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ages 3 and 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	723 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Statistically significant, p<0.05²	footnote266 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a latent growth model to estimate the impact.

Show outcome measure summary

Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 3, Mean and SD	The Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory is a 36-item behavior checklist that assesses two factors: (1) the perceived intensity, and (2) degree a behavior is a problem for caregivers. The researchers focused on the problem factor, which asks caregivers to report on the extent the behavior is a problem for the parent using a 7-point scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistencies were 0.84 at age 2, 0.90 at age 3, and 0.94 at age 4.
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Age 4, Mean and SD	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistencies were 0.86 at age 2, 0.89 at age 3, and 0.86 at age 4.
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing, Ages 3 and 4, Latent growth model	The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children. The CBCL includes two broadband factors—internalizing and externalizing—that were used to evaluate the frequency of problem behavior during the study period.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistencies were 0.86 at age 2, 0.89 at age 3, and 0.86 at age 4.
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 3, Mean and SD	The Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory is a 36-item behavior checklist that assesses two factors: (1) the perceived intensity, and (2) degree a behavior is a problem for caregivers. The researchers focused on the problem factor, which asks caregivers to report on the extent the behavior is a problem for the parent using a 7-point scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistencies were 0.84 at age 2, 0.90 at age 3, and 0.94 at age 4.
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Age 4, Mean and SD	The Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory is a 36-item behavior checklist that assesses two factors: (1) the perceived intensity, and (2) degree a behavior is a problem for caregivers. The researchers focused on the problem factor, which asks caregivers to report on the extent the behavior is a problem for the parent using a 7-point scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistencies were 0.84 at age 2, 0.90 at age 3, and 0.94 at age 4.
Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, Ages 3 and 4, Latent growth model	The Eyeberg Child Behavior Inventory is a 36-item behavior checklist that assesses two factors: (1) the perceived intensity, and (2) degree a behavior is a problem for caregivers. The researchers focused on the problem factor, which asks caregivers to report on the extent the behavior is a problem for the parent using a 7-point scale.	Parent/caregiver report	Internal consistencies were 0.84 at age 2, 0.90 at age 3, and 0.94 at age 4.

Moilanen, K. L., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F., & Wilson, M. (2010). Predictors of longitudinal growth in inhibitory control in early childhood. Social Development, 19(2), 326–347.

Family Check-Up^® For Children

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Inhibitory control intercept, Ages 2-4, Preliminary conditional growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ages 2-4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	720 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p>0.05¹	footnote260 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a preliminary conditional growth model and reported a coefficient, standard error, and p-value.
Inhibitory control slope, Ages 2-4, Preliminary conditional growth model	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Ages 2-4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	720 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p>0.05¹	footnote260 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors used a preliminary conditional growth model and reported a coefficient, standard error, and p-value.
Inhibitory control, Age 3, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	645 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Inhibitory control, Age 4, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	622 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Show outcome measure summary

Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Inhibitory control intercept, Ages 2-4, Preliminary conditional growth model	A 13-item subscale of the Child Behavior Questionnaire that measures child inhibitory control. Each item is a description of a child behavior. Mothers rate each item on a scale of 1 (extremely untrue of child) to 7 (extremely true of child). The scores for all items are averaged together.	Questionnaire completed by caregiver	Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) ranges from 0.65 to 0.74.
Inhibitory control slope, Ages 2-4, Preliminary conditional growth model	A 13-item subscale of the Child Behavior Questionnaire that measures child inhibitory control. Each item is a description of a child behavior. Mothers rate each item on a scale of 1 (extremely untrue of child) to 7 (extremely true of child). The scores for all items are averaged together.	Questionnaire completed by caregiver	Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) ranges from 0.65 to 0.74.
Inhibitory control, Age 3, Correlation	A 13-item subscale of the Child Behavior Questionnaire that measures child inhibitory control. Each item is a description of a child behavior. Mothers rate each item on a scale of 1 (extremely untrue of child) to 7 (extremely true of child). The scores for all items are averaged together.	Questionnaire completed by caregiver	Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) ranges from 0.65 to 0.74.
Inhibitory control, Age 4, Correlation	A 13-item subscale of the Child Behavior Questionnaire that measures child inhibitory control. Each item is a description of a child behavior. Mothers rate each item on a scale of 1 (extremely untrue of child) to 7 (extremely true of child). The scores for all items are averaged together.	Questionnaire completed by caregiver	Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) ranges from 0.65 to 0.74.

Smith, J. D., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., Winter, C. C., & Patterson, G. R. (2014). Coercive family process and early-onset conduct problems from age 2 to school entry. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4 Pt. 1), 917.

Family Check-Up^® For Children

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 3, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 3	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	657 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 4, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 4	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	627 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 5, Correlation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Age 5	WIC sites in Pittsburgh, PA, Eugene, OR, and Charlottesville, VA	612 children	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Show outcome measure summary

Outcome measure	Outcome measure description	Collection method	Properties	Operations links
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 3, Correlation	This measure was created from 8 oppositional and aggressive items from the CBCL. The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach's alpha for the oppositional/aggressive scale was 0.71 at age 2, 0.75 at age 3, 0.83 at age 4 and 0.80 at age 5.
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 4, Correlation	This measure was created from 8 oppositional and aggressive items from the CBCL. The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach's alpha for the oppositional/aggressive scale was 0.71 at age 2, 0.75 at age 3, 0.83 at age 4 and 0.80 at age 5.
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Oppositional/Aggressive, Age 5, Correlation	This measure was created from 8 oppositional and aggressive items from the CBCL. The CBCL for ages 1.5–5 is a 99-item assessment of behavioral problems in young children.	Parent/caregiver report	Cronbach's alpha for the oppositional/aggressive scale was 0.71 at age 2, 0.75 at age 3, 0.83 at age 4 and 0.80 at age 5.

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