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Love, J., Kisker, E., Ross, C., Schochet, P., Brooks-Gunn, J., Boller, K., et al. (2001). Building their futures: How Early Head Start programs are enhancing the lives of infants and toddlers in low-income families. Summary report. Report to Commissioner’s Office of Research and Evaluation, Head Start Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, and Department of Health and Human Services. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.

Manuscript screening details
Screening decision Screening conclusion HomVEE procedures and standards version
Passes screens Eligible for review Version 1
Study design details
Rating Design Attrition Baseline equivalence Compromised randomization Confounding factors Valid, reliable measure(s)
High Randomized controlled trial Low Established on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status; Established on many relevant outcomes None None Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021
Notes:

footnote38

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The study expressed some effect sizes as a percentage of the standard deviation. To be consistent with other studies, HomVEE divided the study-reported effect size by 100 and rounded to two decimal places.

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This study received a mixed rating. Outcomes from the 24-month parent interview have low attrition and receive a high rating, except parent’s overall health and maternal depression outcomes, which were assessable at baseline but did not demonstrate baseline equivalence and were not controlled, and therefore rate moderate. Outcomes from the Parent Services Interview had low attrition, but baseline equivalence for race/ethnicity and SES was not established on the analytic sample, so these outcomes rate moderate. Outcomes from the Child Assessment (Bayley) and Parent/Child Interactions have high attrition and were not assessable at baseline, so those outcomes receive a moderate rating.

Study characteristics
Study participants This study relies on data from a randomized controlled trial of 17 Early Head Start (EHS) programs that began in 1995. Seven of the programs served clients through a home-based option (though other clients in other EHS options also received home visits) and are the focus of this report (EHS-HBO). The study randomly assigned 1,385 families, who applied to those 7 programs, either to receive home-based EHS or a comparison condition. This study included outcomes reported for the 2-year-old follow-up (other years of follow-up are reported in separate studies). For this follow-up, 966 parents (500 in EHS-HBO and 466 in the comparison group) provided data for parent interviews. Among parent interview participants, 45 percent were white, 25 percent were black, and 27 percent were Hispanic. One in four parents had more than a high school education, and one in 10 were in families living above the poverty line; one-third to one-half of families were receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or Food Stamps.
Setting The study was conducted in 17 EHS programs throughout the United States, including 7 programs with home-based options, which are the focus of this report. Four programs were located in urban areas, and three programs were located in rural areas. The seven programs represented a mix of implementation timing; one early implementer had all EHS-HBO elements in place by 1997, and three later implementers had all elements in place by 1999; three programs did not have all elements in place by 1999. The early-implementing program had fully implemented both child and family development services early and continued to have those services in place in 1999.
Intervention services EHS-HBO services are intended to be delivered to study families via weekly home visits. Seventy percent of families in these programs received weekly visits during at least one of the first two follow-up periods, and 26 percent received such services throughout both periods. Over the first two years, families in the home-based option received an average of 71 visits. Typical home visits are at least one hour long. Topics for home visits included child growth and development, child play activities, housing issues, and parent-child communication.
Comparison conditions Control group families could not receive EHS-HBO services, but could receive other services available in their community.
Subgroups examined This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report).
Subgroups are not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021.
Funding sources Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Child Outcomes Research and Evaluation team (CORE)within ACF’s Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation (OPRE), and the Head Start Bureau in the Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF)
Author affiliation None of the study authors are developers of this model.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021.

Findings that rate moderate or high

Child development and school readiness
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High CBCL – Aggression
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 10.40 Adjusted mean = 10.50 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Average MacArthur CDI – Sentence Complexity
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 8.50 Adjusted mean = 7.80 Mean difference = 0.70 Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High MacArthur CDI – Vocabulary Production
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 56.40 Adjusted mean = 53.50 Mean difference = 2.90 Study reported = 0.13 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage MacArthur CDI combining words
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 77.30 Adjusted mean = 75.60 Mean difference = 1.70 Study reported = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage with sentence complexity <2
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 28.30 Adjusted mean = 30.20 Mean difference = -1.90 Study reported = -0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage with vocabulary production <25
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 11.30 Adjusted mean = 11.20 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate BSID Mental Development Index (MDI)standard score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 814 children Adjusted mean = 91.60 Adjusted mean = 90.50 Mean difference = 1.10 Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Bayley BRS – Emotional Regulation
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 814 children Adjusted mean = 3.60 Adjusted mean = 3.60 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Bayley BRS – Orientation/Engagement
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 814 children Adjusted mean = 3.60 Adjusted mean = 3.60 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Engagement
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 794 children Adjusted mean = 4.30 Adjusted mean = 4.30 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Negativity Toward Parent
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 794 children Adjusted mean = 1.70 Adjusted mean = 1.70 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Sustained Attention with Objects
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 794 children Adjusted mean = 5.10 Adjusted mean = 5.00 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Percentage with MDI < 100
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 814 children Adjusted mean = 73.00 Adjusted mean = 71.90 Mean difference = 1.10 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Percentage with MDI < 85
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 814 children Adjusted mean = 31.50 Adjusted mean = 32.50 Mean difference = -1.00 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child health
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Moderate Any child health services
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 99.10 % = 99.60 = -0.50 HomVEE calculated = -0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Any dentist visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 10.70 % = 10.80 = -0.10 HomVEE calculated = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Any doctor visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 93.60 % = 93.40 = 0.20 HomVEE calculated = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Any emergency room visits
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 41.30 % = 43.20 = -1.90 HomVEE calculated = -0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Any immunizations
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 96.30 % = 97.90 = -1.60 HomVEE calculated = -0.35 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Any screening tests
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 52.40 % = 49.40 = 3.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Family economic self-sufficiency
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Moderate Average hours per week employed
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers Adjusted mean = 12.70 Adjusted mean = 13.80 Mean difference = -1.10 Study reported = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Average hours per week in any employment, education, or training activity
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers Adjusted mean = 17.80 Adjusted mean = 17.70 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Average hours per week in education or training
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers Adjusted mean = 4.90 Adjusted mean = 3.70 Mean difference = 1.20 Study reported = -0.16 Statistically significant,
p < 0.01
Moderate Employed: 1st quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 36.00 % = 39.20 = -3.20 Study reported = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employed: 2nd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 39.80 % = 46.40 = -6.60 Study reported = 0.13 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Moderate Employed: 3rd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 46.80 % = 51.00 = -4.20 Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employed: 4th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 52.20 % = 53.00 = -0.80 Study reported = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employed: 5th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 57.10 % = 60.80 = -3.70 Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employment, education, or training: 1st quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 53.00 % = 52.90 = 0.10 Study reported = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employment, education, or training: 2nd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 57.90 % = 59.90 = -2.00 Study reported = 0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employment, education, or training: 3rd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 62.50 % = 59.90 = -1.50 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employment, education, or training: 4th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 65.30 % = 64.00 = 1.90 Study reported = -0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Employment, education, or training: 5th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 69.30 % = 63.40 = -1.20 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Ever employed
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 66.90 % = 69.60 = -2.70 Study reported = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Ever employed or in education/training
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 79.20 % = 80.20 = -1.00 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Ever in ESL class (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 2.30 % = 0.70 = 1.60 Study reported = -0.15 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Moderate Ever in education or training (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 45.50 % = 39.60 = 6.30 Study reported = -0.12 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Moderate Ever in high school (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 11.50 % = 6.20 = 5.30 Study reported = -0.18 Statistically significant,
p < 0.01
Moderate Ever in vocational program (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 12.70 % = 8.50 = -6.80 Study reported = -0.15 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Moderate Ever received AFDC or TANF
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 54.10 % = 52.60 Not reported = -1.50 Study reported = -0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Ever received food stamps
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 66.00 % = 64.20 = 1.80 Study reported = -0.04 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Ever received welfare
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 75.30 % = 69.60 = 2.70 Study reported = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Have GED
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 8.20 % = 9.00 = -0.80 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Have high school diploma
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 46.50 % = 45.90 = 0.60 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate In education or training: 1st quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 24.50 % = 23.30 = 1.20 Study reported = -0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate In education or training: 2nd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 28.90 % = 24.60 = 4.30 Study reported = -0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate In education or training: 3rd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 29.50 % = 26.70 = 2.80 Study reported = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate In education or training: 4th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 28.20 % = 22.60 = 5.60 Study reported = -0.13 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Moderate In education or training: 5th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 30.50 % = 23.60 = 6.90 Study reported = -0.16 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
Moderate Income above poverty line, (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers Adjusted mean % = 30.50 Adjusted mean % = 29.70 Mean difference = 30.80 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Received AFDC or TANF: 1st quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 43.20 % = 40.40 = 2.80 Study reported = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Received AFDC or TANF: 2nd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 42.60 % = 43.00 = -0.40 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Received AFDC or TANF: 3rd quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 47.00 % = 44.50 = 2.50 Study reported = -0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Received AFDC or TANF: 4th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 39.20 % = 39.50 = -0.30 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Received AFDC or TANF: 5th quarter
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 37.80 % = 38.80 = -1.00 Study reported = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Total AFDC or TANF benefits ($)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers Adjusted mean = 1967.80 Adjusted mean = 1927.50 Mean difference = 49.30 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Total food stamps benefits ($)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers Adjusted mean = 1435.80 Adjusted mean = 1400.90 Mean difference = 34.90 Study reported = -0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Total welfare benefits ($)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers Adjusted mean = 4141.40 Adjusted mean = 3911.70 Mean difference = 229.70 Study reported = -0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Linkages and referrals
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
Moderate Any education-related services
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 83.40 % = 45.20 = 38.20 Study reported = 1.09 Statistically significant, p < 0.01
Moderate Any employment-related services
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 71.60 % = 32.60 = 39.00 Study reported = 1.00 Statistically significant, p < 0.01
Moderate Any family health services
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 97.60 % = 98.20 = -0.60 Study reported = -0.18 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Any family mental health services
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 19.70 % = 18.40 = 1.30 Study reported = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Housing assistance
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 55.60 % = 54.20 = 1.40 Study reported = 0.03 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Identification of child’s disability
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 5.10 % = 2.50 = 2.60 Study reported = 0.45 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Moderate Services for child with disability
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 3.80 % = 1.70 = 2.10 Study reported = 0.50 Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Moderate Transportation assistance
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study 7 to 16 months after assignment 1,059 mothers % = 29.80 % = 20.70 = 9.10 Study reported = 0.29 Statistically significant, p < 0.01
Maternal health
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High FES: Family conflict
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 24 months postpartum 966 mothers Adjusted mean = 1.70 Adjusted mean = 1.70 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = -0.12 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High PSI Parent-Child dysfunctional interaction
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 24 months postpartum 966 mothers Adjusted mean = 17.10 Adjusted mean = 17.50 Mean difference = -0.40 Study reported = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High PSI parental distress
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 24 months postpartum 966 mothers Adjusted mean = 25.10 Adjusted mean = 26.20 Mean difference = -1.10 Study reported = -0.11 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate CIDI short screening scales: Major depression (probability)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 24 months postpartum 966 mothers Adjusted mean = 14.70 Adjusted mean = 12.00 Mean difference = 2.80 Study reported = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent’s health status
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact sample 24 months postpartum 966 mothers Adjusted mean = 3.40 Adjusted mean = 3.40 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Positive parenting practices
Rating Outcome measure Effect Sample Timing of follow-up Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes
High HOME absence of punitive interactions
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 4.30 Adjusted mean = 4.30 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High HOME emotional responsivity
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 6.50 Adjusted mean = 6.40 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High HOME maternal verbal/social skills
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 2.90 Adjusted mean = 2.90 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High HOME support of cognitive, language, and literacy environment
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 10.30 Adjusted mean = 10.10 Mean difference = 0.20 Study reported = 0.10 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High HOME total score
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 26.90 Adjusted mean = 26.40 Mean difference = 0.50 Study reported = 0.13 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High KIDI
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 3.40 Adjusted mean = 3.30 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.17 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High Covers electric outlets (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 61.00 % = 57.20 = -3.80 Study reported = 0.08 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Has gates or doors in front of stairs (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 72.70 % = 75.50 = -2.80 Study reported = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Has poison control number (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 36.50 % = 36.40 = 0.10 Study reported = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Has syrup of Ipecac at home (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 30.20 % = 30.60 = -0.40 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Home has working smoke alarm (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 83.20 % = 83.30 = -0.01 Study reported = 0.00 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Index of discipline severity
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 2.50 Adjusted mean = 2.60 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Observed child play area is safe (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 74.60 % = 74.20 = 0.04 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Parent-child activities to stimulate cognitive and language development
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 4.50 Adjusted mean = 4.50 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents and children that have regular bedtime routines
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 69.20 % = 65.10 = 4.10 Study reported = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents suggesting only mild responses to the hypothetical conflicts
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 48.00 % = 45.10 = 2.90 Study reported = 0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that read to child as part of bedtime routine
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 26.00 % = 19.50 = 6.50 Study reported = 0.16 Statistically significant,
p < 0.05
High Percentage of parents that read to child daily
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 55.50 % = 54.40 = 1.10 Study reported = 0.02 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that set a regular bedtime for child
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 58.70 % = 54.00 = 4.70 Study reported = 0.09 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Physical punishment
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 23.00 % = 26.10 = -3.10 Study reported = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Prevent or distract
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 69.60 % = 66.60 = 3.00 Study reported = 0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Remove child or object
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 78.60 % = 80.40 = -1.80 Study reported = -0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Shout
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 6.00 % = 3.60 = 2.40 Study reported = 0.11 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Talk and explain
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 34.10 % = 28.10 = 6.00 Study reported = 0.13 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Threaten or command
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 28.80 % = 28.20 = 0.50 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Reading frequency
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children Adjusted mean = 4.60 Adjusted mean = 4.60 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = -0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Spanked child in last week (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 49.00 % = 52.40 = -3.40 Study reported = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Uses a car seat (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 81.10 % = 80.70 = 0.04 Study reported = 0.01 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
High Uses guards or gates for windows (percentage)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 966 children % = 52.60 % = 55.40 = -2.80 Study reported = -0.06 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent-child structured play: Negative regard
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 794 children Adjusted mean = 1.40 Adjusted mean = 1.50 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.05 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent-child structured play: Parent detachment
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 794 children Adjusted mean = 1.40 Adjusted mean = 1.50 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.15 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent-child structured play: Parent intrusiveness
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 794 children Adjusted mean = 1.80 Adjusted mean = 1.90 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.07 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Moderate Parent-child structured play: Parent supportiveness
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect
EHS-HBO impact study Age 2 794 children Adjusted mean = 4.00 Adjusted mean = 3.90 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.14 Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05