In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019
Effects shown in research
Family economic self-sufficiency
Findings rated high
262
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any postsecondary education | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 363 mothers | % = 27.00 | % = 33.10 | = -6.10 | HomVEE calculated = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Any postsecondary education | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 29.30 | % = 38.80 | = -9.50 | HomVEE calculated = -0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Attending school in the past year | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 363 mothers | % = 27.70 | % = 30.70 | = -3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Attending school in the past year | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 25.80 | % = 23.50 | = 3.30 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Average highest grade level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 363 mothers | Mean = 10.50 | Mean = 11.20 | Mean difference = -0.70 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Average highest grade level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | Mean = 10.80 | Mean = 11.60 | Mean difference = -0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High school graduate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 363 mothers | % = 23.20 | % = 22.70 | = 0.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High school graduate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 24.50 | % = 20.40 | = 4.10 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Household income $10000 - $29999 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 366 mothers | % = 57.90 | % = 44.90 | = 13.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.32 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Household income $10000 - $29999 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 55.30 | = | = 7.90 | HomVEE calculated = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Household income $30000 or more | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 366 mothers | % = 22.60 | % = 33.60 | = -11.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.33 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Household income $30000 or more | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 25.30 | % = 36.80 | = -11.50 | HomVEE calculated = -0.33 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Household income less than $10000 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 366 mothers | % = 19.50 | % = 21.50 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Household income less than $10000 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 19.30 | % = 15.80 | = 3.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Household receiving AFDC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 366 mothers | % = 16.10 | % = 22.20 | = -6.10 | HomVEE calculated = -0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Household receiving AFDC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 15.40 | % = 17.90 | = -2.50 | HomVEE calculated = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Household receiving Medi-Cal | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 366 mothers | % = 39.90 | % = 45.10 | = -5.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Household receiving Medi-Cal | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 37.00 | % = 36.40 | = 0.60 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Less than high school | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 363 mothers | % = 49.80 | % = 44.20 | = 5.60 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Less than high school | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 46.20 | % = 40.80 | = 5.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Mother working/in job training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 366 mothers | % = 48.80 | % = 36.20 | = 12.60 | HomVEE calculated = 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Mother working/in job training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 354 mothers | % = 55.40 | % = 46.00 | = 9.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.23 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
Findings rated moderate
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change in AFDC Status | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-5 years | Binghamton, NY | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = -0.10 | Unadjusted mean = 0.20 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child covered by health insurance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Three-site sample | 265 children | % = 79.80 | % = 84.80 | = -4.60 | Study reported = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receiving AFDC at assessment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 234 mothers | % = 50.40 | % = 58.00 | = -7.60 | HomVEE calculated = -0.19 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Receiving AFDC at assessment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 192 mothers | % = 61.30 | % = 54.60 | = 6.70 | HomVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Working or in job training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 234 mothers | % = 16.50 | % = 18.50 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Working or in job training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 194 mothers | % = 26.60 | % = 29.00 | = -2.40 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attained additional educational qualifications since birth of child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin | 207 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.23 | Unadjusted % = 0.30 | Mean difference = -0.07 | HomVEE calculated = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Elley-Irving Socio-Economic Index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Family means of transport | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Family owns car | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.88 | Unadjusted % = 0.90 | Mean difference = -0.02 | HomVEE calculated = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Family Strains Questionnaire, Sum of strains | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 206 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 10.92 | Unadjusted mean = 9.97 | Mean difference = 0.95 | HomVEE calculated = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Authors report that significantly more program group families reported experiencing increased strain on family money for medical expenses, clothes, food, etc., but, after applying the Bonferroni inequality, this difference was no longer significant.
|
| Family Stressors Questionnaire, Sum of stressors | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 206 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 15.42 | Unadjusted mean = 14.54 | Mean difference = 0.88 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Held a community services card | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.39 | Unadjusted % = 0.42 | Mean difference = -0.03 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Language use in the home | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Mother working in full-time position | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.35 | Unadjusted % = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.18 | HomVEE calculated = -0.45 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | |
| Mother working in paid employment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.64 | Unadjusted % = 0.56 | Mean difference = 0.08 | HomVEE calculated = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Receiving government support | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.42 | Unadjusted % = 0.39 | Mean difference = 0.03 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Subjective perception of income level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 207 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Type of accomodation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |