Most early childhood home visiting models included in the HomVEE review do not have an explicit goal of reducing juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime. Some, however, seek to reduce risky parental behaviors in ways that are similar to those of models that explicitly target these goals. For example, some models try to address parental mental health, self-efficacy, and self-sufficiency either directly or through linkages with other service providers. Provision of these services may affect families’ long-term well-being and reduce the likelihood of adult criminal behavior and family violence. Many early childhood home visiting models provide parenting education and parent-child interaction activities, which may improve parents’ capacity to manage their children’s behaviors and set children on a trajectory in which they are less likely to engage in later risky behaviors such as juvenile delinquency.

Reductions in juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime
In brief
Measurement considerations
In this domain, outcomes may include domestic and family violence, interaction with the justice system by the mother or by a youth who received home visiting services during early childhood, or school suspensions or expulsions for one of these youth. Outcome measures in this domain include the incidence of parent and youth antisocial behavior, based on archived data from state records, as well as parent, teacher, and youth self-report of antisocial behaviors, and are not standardized (normed). For example, HomVEE has classified the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS), a measure that assesses family violence, intimate partner violence and child maltreatment, as a secondary measure in this domain.
Review of research
The HomVEE review examined the research on 50 early childhood home visiting models with manuscripts published in 1979 through 2020. (HomVEE counts related versions, commonly referred to as adaptations, together in this section and in the table below. More information is available in the procedures and standards handbook.) Of the 5 models with manuscripts about high- or moderate-quality studies that measured outcomes in this domain, 3 had favorable effects.
Summary of findings
The effects shown in the research are grouped into four categories: (1) favorable, (2) no effect, (3) unfavorable or ambiguous, and (4) not measured. Results for models that only have low-rated research are listed as “not applicable.” For more information on these categories please read the procedures and standards handbook. Only results from manuscripts that receive a moderate or high rating are considered below. This table includes manuscripts links to more information on the model’s effectiveness, implementation, and details on findings in this domain.
Effects shown in research — Reductions in juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime domain
Model | Meets HHS criteria | Findings | For more information |
---|---|---|---|
Arizona Health Start Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) -Infant |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Child First |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Child Parent Enrichment Project (CPEP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention (CAMI) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Early Head Start Home-Based Option |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Early Start (New Zealand) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Early Steps to School Success™—Home Visiting |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Even Start-Home Visiting (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Family Check-Up® For Children |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Family Connections (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Family Connects |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Family Spirit® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Following Baby Back Home (FBBH) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Health Access Nurturing Development Services (HANDS) Program |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
HealthConnect One's® Community-Based Doula Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Healthy Beginnings |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Healthy Families America (HFA)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 3 No effect: 26 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 0 No effect: 1 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Home-Start |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
HOMEBUILDERS (Birth to Age 5)® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-Visiting Program (MECSH) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker (MIHOW)® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Maternal Infant Health Program (MIHP) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Minding the Baby® Home Visiting (MTB-HV) |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
MOM Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Mothers’ Advocates in the Community (MOSAIC) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
New Forest Parenting Programme (NFPP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
North Carolina Baby Love Maternal Outreach Workers Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 8 No effect: 57 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 0 |
For more information
|
Nurses for Newborns® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Nurturing Parenting Programs (Birth to Age 5) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Oklahoma’s Community-Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
ParentChild+® Core Model |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Parents as Teachers (PAT)® |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Philani Outreach Programme |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Pride in Parenting (PIP) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Options |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Intervention Model |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Promoting Parental Skills and Enhancing Attachment in Early Childhood (CAPEDP) Trial |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Resource Mothers Program |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Resources, Education, and Care in the Home (REACH) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
REST Routine |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
SafeCare® |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
SafeCare Augmented |
Meets HHS criteria? Yes
|
Findings Favorable: 1 No effect: 3 Unfavorable or ambiguous: 1 |
For more information
|
Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not applicable
|
For more information
|
Triple P - Positive Parenting Program®—Variants suitable for home visiting |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|
Video-Feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting-Sensitive Discipline® (VIPP-SD) |
Meets HHS criteria? No
|
Findings Not measured
|
For more information
|