Black or African American
92%
Source
Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., et al. (2007). Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal and child functioning: Age-9 follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 120(4), e832–e845.
Model(s) Reviewed
Note: Navigate to model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the study manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Funding Sources
The National Institute of Mental Health (1-R01-MH61428-01); the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (8R01 HD43492); and the Department of Justice (2005-MU-mu-001).
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low | Difference in SES, but controlled in analysis. |
None |
Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed under Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 1 |
Notes
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review in two ways. First, HomVEE removed findings related to remove mother's partnership status/family structure findings from the Family Economic Self-Sufficiency domain because ACF determined that mother's partnership status is ineligible for review by HomVEE. second, HomVEE removed two partner SES variables from the Family Economic Self-Sufficiency domain because partner SES is not eligible for review unless the same SES variable is measured for the mother, and the partner is coresident with the mother.
The effect sizes in this table for Olds, Kitzman, Hanks, Cole, Anson, Sidora-Arcoleo, et al. (2007) are those reported in the study, and could not be confirmed by HomVEE calculations. In addition, p-values and statistical significance determinations are based on the author’s likelihood ratio tests. The sample size was received through communication with the author.
Study Participants
The sample included pregnant, first-time mothers who were less than 29 weeks pregnant. Women were recruited through an obstetrical clinic if they had no previous live births, no chronic illnesses linked to fetal growth retardation or preterm delivery, and at least two of the following sociodemographic characteristics: unmarried, less than 12 years of education, and unemployed. From June 1990 through August 1991, 1,290 women were invited to participate and 1,139 consented and were randomly assigned. At enrollment, 92 percent of the women enrolled were African American, 98 percent were unmarried, and 64 percent were aged 18 years or younger. This study measured the sample when the children were 9 years old. The study sample included 627 women, 191 in the program group and 436 in the comparison group.
Setting
Memphis, Tennessee
Home Visiting Services
The study included two treatment groups. The first treatment group received home visits from a nurse during pregnancy and two postpartum visits (one in the hospital prior to discharge and one in the home). The treatment group also received the screening and transportation services described below for the comparison groups. The second treatment group received the same services as the first treatment group, but the home visiting continued until the child was 2 years old. On average, the nurses completed 7 home visits during pregnancy and 26 home visits postpartum. Nurses used a detailed protocol for each visit, which focused on health-related behaviors, parenting, education, and employment. The two treatment groups were combined for the prenatal analysis. Only the second treatment group was followed for postnatal outcomes.
Model(s) Reviewed
Note: Navigate to model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the study manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Comparison Conditions
The study included two comparison groups. The first comparison group received taxicab transportation for prenatal care appointments. The second comparison group received the transportation plus developmental screening and referral to services when the children were 6, 12, and 24 months old. The two comparison groups were combined for the prenatal analysis. Only the second group was followed for postnatal outcomes.
Were any subgroups examined?
Yes
Subgroups examined
• Mother has psychological vulnerability (yes or no)
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
Maternal health
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of months between birth of first and second child |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.29 | Statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Cumulative subsequent live births per year (0–9 yr postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.14 | Statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of subsequent miscarriages (0–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
|||
Number of subsequent abortions |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
|||
Subsequent still birth (0–9 years postpartum), percentage |
9-year follow-up |
High | 1.00 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Cumulative subsequent live birth per year (6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.16 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy during infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Pearlin Mastery Scale (6 months–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.15 | Statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Pearlin Mastery Scale (9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Maternal depression (CES-D) (9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of substances used (moderate/heavy alcohol, marijuana, cocaine) since last interview |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
Child health
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of infant and childhood deaths among firstborn children (birth–9 years) |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
|||
Number of subsequent low birth weight newborns (0–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
Child development and school readiness
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GPA (reading and math, grades 1–3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Achievement tests (reading and math, grades 1–3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, |
570 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Any academic failures (grades 1–3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.20 | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Ever retained (grades 1–3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.18 | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Ever placed in special education (grades 1–3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Conduct grades (grades 1–3 ) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Count of conduct failures, (grades 1–3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
|||
Teacher-reported antisocial behavior (grade 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, |
558 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Teacher-reported academically focused behavior (grade 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, |
558 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Teacher reported peer affiliation (grade 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, |
558 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Count of depressive and anxiety disorders |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
|||
Count of disruptive behavior disorders (with impairment) |
9-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, |
604 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GPA (reading and math, grades 1 – 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.22 | Statistically significant, |
333 children | Nurse visited during infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability |
||
Achievement tests (reading and math, grades 1 – 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.33 | Statistically significant, |
333 children | Nurse visited during infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability |
||
Conduct grades (grades 1 – 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, |
333 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability |
||
Teacher-reported antisocial behavior (grade 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, |
333 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability |
||
Teacher-reported academically focused behavior (grade 3) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, |
333 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability |
||
Teacher-reported peer affiliation (grade 3) |
9 year follow-up |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, |
333 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability |
Reductions in juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of maternal arrests (6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 1.35 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Mother jailed (6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.25 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Any domestic violence (6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
Family economic self-sufficiency
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of months on Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) per year (0–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.14 | Statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of months on TANF(6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of months on food stamps per year (0–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.17 | Statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of months on food stamps per year (6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.21 | Statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of months on Medicaid per year (0–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of months on Medicaid per year (6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of months employed per year (2–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
||
Number of months employed per year (6–9 years postpartum) |
9-year follow-up |
High | 0.15 | Not statistically significant, |
627 mothers | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) |
This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:
Race/Ethnicity
Maternal Education
Other Characteristics
This study included participants from the following locations:
- Tennessee