Black or African American
13%
Source
Koniak-Griffin, D., Verzemnieks, I. L., Anderson, N. L., Brecht, M. L., Lesser, J., Kim, S., et al. (2003). Nurse visitation for adolescent mothers: Two-year infant health and maternal outcomes. Nursing Research, 52(2), 127–136.
Model(s) Reviewed
Funding Sources
National Institutes of Nursing Research (NINR), Grants R0-1 NR02325 and NR02325-S1, and the Office of Research on Women’s Health, Grant NR02325-S2. Financial support for the second author was also provided by the NINR (5-T32-NR7077).
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | High | Established on race/ethnicity, SES, and baseline outcomes. | None |
Study Participants
Participants were recruited via referrals to a county public health department and assigned randomly to either the intervention or the comparison group. Initially 144 mothers were randomly assigned, 75 to the treatment group and 69 to the comparison group (information obtained from authors). At the two-year follow-up, 101 adolescent mothers participated in the study, 56 in the intervention group and 45 in the comparison group. Most were poor, unmarried, and expecting their first child. Mothers ranged in age from 14 to 19 years old at intake (26 weeks or less gestation). Sixty-two percent of the mothers were Latina, 13 percent were African American, and 18 percent were white. Participants were followed from pregnancy through two years postpartum. Note: This is a follow-up to Koniak-Griffin et al. (1999, 2000, 2002).
Setting
The study was conducted in San Bernardino County, California, a large, ethnically diverse county adjacent to Los Angeles.
Home Visiting Services
The intervention included a combination of home visits and motherhood preparation classes, both conducted by specially trained public health nurses. The intervention began in mid-pregnancy and continued through the first year of the infant’s life. Participants received approximately 17 home visits by a public health nurse. Each visit lasted between two and two and a half hours. In addition, participants attended four “Preparation for Motherhood” classes lasting six hours each. In addition, The intervention covered five main content areas: (1) health, (2) sexuality and family planning, (3) life skills, (4) maternal role, and (5) social support systems.
Comparison Conditions
Comparison group members received traditional public health nursing services, consisting of three home visits: one at intake, one for prenatal care, and one for postpartum/well-baby care information.
Study Participants
Participants were recruited via referrals to a county public health department and assigned randomly to either the intervention or the comparison group. Initially 144 mothers were randomly assigned, 75 to the treatment group and 69 to the comparison group (information obtained from authors). At the two-year follow-up, 101 adolescent mothers participated in the study, 56 in the intervention group and 45 in the comparison group. Most were poor, unmarried, and expecting their first child. Mothers ranged in age from 14 to 19 years old at intake (26 weeks or less gestation). Sixty-two percent of the mothers were Latina, 13 percent were African American, and 18 percent were white. Participants were followed from pregnancy through two years postpartum. Note: This is a follow-up to Koniak-Griffin et al. (1999, 2000, 2002).
Setting
The study was conducted in San Bernardino County, California, a large, ethnically diverse county adjacent to Los Angeles.
Home Visiting Services
The intervention included a combination of home visits and motherhood preparation classes, both conducted by specially trained public health nurses. The intervention began in mid-pregnancy and continued through the first year of the infant’s life. Participants received approximately 17 home visits by a public health nurse. Each visit lasted between two and two and a half hours. In addition, participants attended four “Preparation for Motherhood” classes lasting six hours each. In addition, The intervention covered five main content areas: (1) health, (2) sexuality and family planning, (3) life skills, (4) maternal role, and (5) social support systems.
Comparison Conditions
Comparison group members received traditional public health nursing services, consisting of three home visits: one at intake, one for prenatal care, and one for postpartum/well-baby care information.
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of days for nonbirth-related infant hospitalizations | Two years postpartum | Moderate | Statistically significant, p < 0.001 | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | |||
| Percentage of children hospitalized | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.45 | Statistical significance not reported | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | ||
| Number of episodes of hospitalizations | Two years postpartum | Moderate | Statistically significant, p =0.002 | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | |||
| Number of episodes of hospitalization per hospitalized child | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.14 | Statistical significance not reported | 28 children | San Bernardino sample, hospitalized children | ||
| Total number of ER visits | Two years postpartum | Moderate | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | |||
| Percentage never using the ER for child’s health problems | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.92 | Statistically significant, p =0.004 | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | ||
| Percentage using both ER and hospital | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.45 | Statistical significance not reported | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | ||
| Percentage of children adequately immunized | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.42 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.5 | 101 mothers | San Bernardion sample |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeat pregnancy rate | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.38 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | ||
| Internal social competence | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.29 | Not statistically significant, p =0.057 | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample | ||
| External social competence | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 101 mothers | San Bernardino sample |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCAST total score | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 90 mothers | San Bernardino sample, NCAST sample | ||
| NCAST mother’s score | Two years postpartum | Moderate | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 90 mothers | San Bernardino sample, NCAST sample | |||
| NCAST child’s score | Two years postpartum | Moderate | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 90 mothers | San Bernardino sample, NCAST sample | |||
| HOME | Two years postpartum | Moderate | 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 | 99 mothers | San Bernardino sample, HOME sample |
This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:
Race/Ethnicity
Maternal Education
Other Characteristics
This study included participants from the following locations:
- California