Duggan, A., McFarlane, E., Fuddy, L., Burrell, L., Higman, S. M., Windham, A., et al. (2004). Randomized trial of a statewide home visiting program: Impact in preventing child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(6), 597–622.
Model(s) Reviewed:
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 1 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Established on race but not SES (e.g., maternal employment). Maternal employment is included as a control. Baseline equivalence on outcomes not feasible. | None | None | Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021 |
Notes:
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review to move measures of Nonviolent discipline and Time outs (CTS-PC) from the Positive Parenting Practices domain to the Reductions in Child Maltreatment because ACF determined that nonviolent discipline and corporal punishment outcomes belong in the Positive Parenting Practices domain, unless those outcome are assessed using the Conflict Tactics Scale-Parent/Child.
| Study participants | Families were recruited to the study between November 1994 and December 1995. Hawaii Healthy Start Program staff screened the medical records of mothers from one of four Oahu communities delivering children at Kapiolani Maternity Hospital for risk factors for child abuse and neglect. Mothers found to be at risk, or those whose records did not contain sufficient information to screen out, were screened further using the Kempe Family Stress Checklist; eligible families were those in which either parent scored 25 or greater (Duggan, 2004a). Of the 897 families who were eligible to participate in the study, 730 (81%) agreed to participate and were randomly assigned to the program group (n = 395), the main comparison group (n = 290), or a testing comparison group (n = 45). 684 families completed a baseline interview (373 families in the program group, 270 families in the main comparison group, and 41 in the testing group comparison). On average, at baseline, mothers were 23.7 years of age (program group) and 23.3 years of age (comparison group). 63% (program group) and 67% (comparison group) of participating families lived below the poverty line. The racial composition of the program group was 34% native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 28% Asian or Filipino, 10% Caucasian, and 27% of unknown primary ethnicity. The main comparison group consisted of 33% native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 28% Asian or Filipino, 14% Caucasian, and 26% of unknown primary ethnicity. This study reports results from the three follow-ups of the Hawaii Healthy Start randomized controlled trial. In each follow-up year, interviews were completed for 88% of families. 81% of participating families completed all three follow-up interviews. Data were also collected from home observations, administrative records from child protective services, and pediatric medical records. |
|---|---|
| Setting | Six Healthy Start Program sites operated by three community-based organizations in Oahu, Hawaii. |
| Intervention services | Home visiting services were designed to provide three to five years of home visiting, with weekly visits for most or all of the child’s first year of life, and visits of gradually decreasing frequency thereafter depending on family need. Home visitors endeavored to establish trusting relationships with families, help them resolve immediate crises, and help them build on existing strengths to improve their ability to function independently. Visitors helped families develop problem-solving skills, connected them to needed services, and aimed to develop an individual service plan with each family every six months and help the family reach six-month goals. The actual frequency of visits, however, was lower than that specified by the model, with families receiving an average of 13 visits in the child’s first year of life, and 51% of families not actively participating in the program by the time the child was 12 months old. Families still active at the end of year 1 received an average of 22 visits in the first year. (Duggan, et al., 1999) |
| Comparison conditions | The main comparison group was tested annually to measure outcomes. A second “testing” comparison group was evaluated only at year 3 to ascertain the effect of repeated testing on observed outcomes (Duggan, McFarlane, Fuddy, Burrell, Higman, Windham, et al., 2004). |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Maternal age (less than 20 years) • Intimate partner violence (three or more incidents or injury resulting from partner violence in prior year) • Parity (primiparous or multiparous) • Household poverty status (above poverty threshold or below poverty threshold) • Risk of child maltreatment (mother screens positive for risk of child abuse) |
| Funding sources | Maternal and Child Health Bureau (R40MC00029 (formerly MCJ 240637) and R40 MC 00123 (formerly MCJ 240838); The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (18303); The Annie E. Casey Foundation (94-4041); The David and Lucile Packard Foundation (93-6051, 94-7957, 97-8058, and 98-3448); National Institute of Mental Health, Epidemiological Center for Early Risk Behaviors, P30MH38725; the Hawaii State Department of Health (99-29-J); and the National Institute of Mental Health, Epidemiological Center for Early Risk Behaviors, P30MH38725. |
| Author affiliation | None of the study authors are developers of this model. |
| Peer reviewed | Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Hospitalizations for ambulatory care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 573 children | % = 12.00 | % = 10.00 | OR = 1.27 | HomVEE calculated = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | Mean = 3.20 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | Mean = 5.40 | Mean = 5.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | Mean = 5.60 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | Mean = 9.30 | Mean = 8.90 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 0.18 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | Mean = 9.30 | Mean = 9.20 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Statistical signifivance not reported | |
| High | Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | Mean = 4.80 | Mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 20.00 | % = 22.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 42.00 | % = 44.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 35.00 | % = 35.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.90 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 75.00 | % = 74.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 58.00 | % = 57.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not available | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.07 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 77.00 | % = 75.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 76.00 | % = 83.00 | = -7.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.26 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 92.00 | % = 95.00 | = -3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.30 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 90.00 | % = 94.00 | = -4.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.34 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.59 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 4.00 | % = 2.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.43 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 4.00 | % = 4.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 1.00 | % = 1.00 | = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.26 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 9.00 | % = 8.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 28.00 | % = 22.00 | = -6.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.19 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 20.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.22 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Hospitalizations for trauma | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 573 children | % = 1.50 | % = 1.70 | = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.90 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 68.00 | % = 70.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 86.00 | % = 86.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 86.00 | % = 85.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.05 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 27.00 | = -5.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.16 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 23.00 | % = 28.00 | = -5.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.16 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 30.00 | = -8.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.25 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.72 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 26.00 | % = 29.00 | = -7.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.09 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 27.00 | % = 26.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 24.00 | % = 32.00 | = -8.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.24 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 98.00 | % = 99.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.43 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 100.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 100.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | Mean = 33.00 | Mean = 30.90 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 1.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | Mean = 45.70 | Mean = 42.40 | Mean difference = 3.30 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | Mean = 47.00 | Mean = 46.10 | Mean difference = 0.90 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 88.00 | % = 89.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 69.00 | % = 74.00 | = -5.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Sample size is the largest reported across the time period.
|
| High | Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 86.00 | % = 88.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.11 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.76 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Sample size is the largest reported across the time period.
|
| High | Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 4.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.26 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 15.00 | = 7.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.28 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 14.00 | % = 15.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Shook child (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 6.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Shook child (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.94 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Shook child (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 7.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.10 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Shook child (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 6.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports abuse or neglect | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 0.20 | = 0.00 | = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports abuse or neglect | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 0.80 | % = 1.10 | = -0.30 | HomVEE calculated = -0.19 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports abuse or neglect | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | = 0.00 | % = 0.40 | = -0.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports all types | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 1.10 | % = 0.70 | = 0.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.28 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports all types | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 1.30 | % = 2.20 | = -0.90 | HomVEE calculated = -0.32 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports all types | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 0.80 | % = 1.10 | = -0.30 | HomVEE calculated = -0.19 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports threatened abuse neglect or harm | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 1.30 | % = 1.50 | = -0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.09 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports threatened abuse neglect or harm | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 0.80 | % = 1.10 | = -0.30 | HomVEE calculated = -0.19 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Substantiated CPS reports threatened abuse neglect or harm | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 1.10 | % = 0.70 | = -0.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.28 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 35.00 | % = 36.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 62.00 | % = 62.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Timeouts, ever used in past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 71.00 | % = 67.00 | = 4.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | Mean = 1.50 | Mean = 1.10 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Years 1-3 | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | Mean = 2.90 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Timeouts, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | Mean = 5.20 | Mean = 5.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Very severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 3 | 541 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 7.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.10 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Very severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 2 | 549 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 6.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| High | Very severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Full sample, Hawaii trial | Year 1 | 558 mothers | % = 5.00 | % = 6.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.12 | Statistical significance not reported |