Hispanic or Latino
81%
Wagner, M., Clayton, S., Gerlach-Downie, S., & McElroy, M. (1999). An evaluation of the northern California Parents as Teachers demonstration. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.
Model(s) Reviewed
Navigate to model page for more information about the home visiting model.
Funding Sources
The David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not applicable |
None |
Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed under Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 1 |
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review in two ways. First, HomVEE moved to two findings about "child treated for injury in the past year" from the Child Health domain to the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain because the review initially misclassified it. HomVEE places findings related to medical care for injury and ingestions in the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain. Second, HomVEE removed eight findings related to family structure and mother's partnership status from the Family Economic Self-Sufficiency domain because ACF determined that mother's partnership status is ineligible for review by HomVEE.
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
Maternal health
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother had additional births | 2 year | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 371 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Mother had additional births | 3 year | High | 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 343 mothers | Northern California sample |
Child health
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child saw doctor for well-child care in past 6 months | 2 year | High | 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 365 children | Northern California sample | ||
| Child treated for illness in the past year | 2 year | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 365 children | Northern California sample | ||
| Child went to the emergency room in the past year | 2 year | High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 365 children | Northern California sample | ||
| Child saw doctor for well-child care in past 6 months | 3 year | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 352 children | Northern California sample | ||
| Child treated for illness in the past year | 3 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 352 children | Northern California sample | ||
| Child went to the emergency room in the past year | 3 year | High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 352 children | Northern California sample |
Reductions in child maltreatment
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child treated for injury in the past year | 2 year | High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 365 children | Northern California sample | ||
| Child treated for injury in the past year | 3 year | High | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 352 children | Northern California sample |
Child development and school readiness
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPII Physical Development Scale (mean months differential) | 2 year | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Physical Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 2 year | High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Cognitive Development Scale (mean months differential) | 2 year | High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Cognitive Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 2 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Communication Development Scale (mean months differential) | 2 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Communication Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 2 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Self-Help Development Scale (mean months differential) | 2 year | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Self-Help Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 2 year | High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Social Development Scale (mean months differential) | 2 year | High | 0.24 | Statistically significant,p < 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Social Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 2 year | High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 375 children | Northern California sample | ||
| BSID Physical Development Index (mean) | 2 year | High | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 184 children | Northern California sample | ||
| BSID Physical Development Index (in normal range) | 2 year | High | 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 184 children | Northern California sample | ||
| BSID Mental Development Index (mean) | 2 year | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 184 children | Northern California sample | ||
| BSID Mental Development Index (in normal range) | 2 year | High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 184 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Physical Development Scale (mean months differential) | 3 year | High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Physical Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 3 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Cognitive Development Scale (mean months differential) | 3 year | High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Cognitive Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 3 year | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Communication Development Scale (mean months differential) | 3 year | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Communication Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 3 year | High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Self-Help Development Scale (mean months differential) | 3 year | High | 0.25 | Statistically significant,p < 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Self-Help Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 3 year | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Social Development Scale (mean months differential) | 3 year | High | 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| DPII Social Development Scale (at or above chronological age) | 3 year | High | 0.23 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 children | Northern California sample | ||
| PPVT mean months differential | 3 year | High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 320 children | Northern California sample | ||
| PPVT ator above chronological age | 3 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 320 children | Northern California sample |
Positive parenting practices
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KIDI | 2 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 367 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| PSOC total score | 2 year | High | 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 357 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| PSOC parenting satisfaction subscale | 2 year | High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 357 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale | 2 year | High | 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 357 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME total scale | 2 year | High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | 2 year | High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | 2 year | High | 0.32 | Statistically significant,p < 0.001 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | 2 year | High | 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | 2 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME involvement with child subscale | 2 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | 2 year | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| KIDI | 3 year | High | 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 350 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| PSOC total score | 3 year | High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 341 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| PSOC parenting satisfaction subscale | 3 year | High | 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 341 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale | 3 year | High | 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 341 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME total scale | 3 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | 3 year | High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | 3 year | High | 0.28 | Statistically significant,p < 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | 3 year | High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | 3 year | High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME involvement with child subscale | 3 year | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | 3 year | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| HOME language- and literacy-promoting behaviors | 3 year | High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Discipline (from HOME items) | 3 year | High | 0.27 | Statistically significant,p < 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Home mother-child interaction | 3 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 335 mothers | Northern California sample |
Family economic self-sufficiency
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average highest grade level | 2 year | High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 mothers | Northern California sample | |||
| Attending school in the past year | 2 year | High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Less than high school | 2 year | High | 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| High school graduate | 2 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Any postsecondary education | 2 year | High | 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 363 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Mother working/in job training | 2 year | High | 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 366 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household receiving Medi-Cal | 2 year | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 366 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household receiving AFDC | 2 year | High | 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 366 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household income less than $10000 | 2 year | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 366 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household income $10000 - $29999 | 2 year | High | 0.32 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 366 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household income $30000 or more | 2 year | High | 0.33 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 366 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Average highest grade level | 3 year | High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | |||
| Attending school in the past year | 3 year | High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Less than high school | 3 year | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| High school graduate | 3 year | High | 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Any postsecondary education | 3 year | High | 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Mother working/in job training | 3 year | High | 0.23 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household receiving Medi-Cal | 3 year | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household receiving AFDC | 3 year | High | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household income less than $10000 | 3 year | High | 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household income $10000 - $29999 | 3 year | High | 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample | ||
| Household income $30000 or more | 3 year | High | 0.33 | Statistically significant,p < 0.05 | 354 mothers | Northern California sample |
Study Participants
The sample presented here includes 375 mothers with children who were assessed at 2 years of age and 363 mothers with children who were assessed at 3 years of age. (This report also includes a sample of mothers followed up when the child was 1 year of age. These analyses received a low rating, however. See Study Ratings for details.) Over the course of one year, families with a child up to 6 months of age were recruited for enrollment in the Parents as Teachers (PAT) program. In the 2-year-old sample, most mothers had an education level of high school or less (77%); more than three-quarters of study participants were Latina mothers (80%); the majority of participating households received Medi-Cal, California’s Medicaid program (60%), while a minority received Aid to Families with Dependent Children (18%); and 59% of mothers were married. The 3-year-old sample had similar characteristics.
Setting
A single site in the Salinas Valley in Northern California
Home Visiting Services
Families enrolled in PAT received monthly home visits and other program services for as long as they remained in the program, up to the child’s third birthday. Among those families enrolled in PAT , 57% participated and remained in the program for all three years.
Model(s) Reviewed
Navigate to model page for more information about the home visiting model.
Comparison Conditions
The comparison families received only the services that were normally available in the community and that they sought of their own accord. In addition, they received age-appropriate toys at regular quarterly intervals, which were used as a means of tracking their locations.
Subgroups examined
• Race/ethnicity (Latina or non-Latina)
This study included participants from the following locations:
- California