White
88%
Source
Eckenrode, J., Campa, M., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., Powers, J., & Olds, D. (2010). Long-term effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on the life course of youths: 19-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(1), 9-15.
Model(s) Reviewed
Note: Navigate to model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the study manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Funding Sources
This research was supported by grant 801-099 from the Smith Richardson Foundation. Support for earlier phases of this trial was provided by a Senior Research Scientist Award (Dr Olds) and by grants from the Prevention Research and Behavioral Medicine Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health, the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Health and Human Services, the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health (Department of Health and Human Services), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the W.T. Grant Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the Commonwealth Fund. Dr Olds’ Research Center at the University of Colorado has a contract with the NFP National Service Office to conduct research on improving the NFP model.
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low | Established on SES; Not established on maternal race, but analysis controlled for child race. |
None |
Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed under Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 1 |
Notes
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review to move the 14 findings related to the child's sexual behavior, pregnancy, and use of alcohol or drugs from the Child Health domain to the Child Development and School Readiness domain because ACF determined that all measures of child behavioral health, including children's risky behaviors, belong in HomVEE's Child Development and School Readiness domain.
Study Participants
The authors actively recruited pregnant, first-time mothers who were fewer than 25 weeks pregnant, were younger than 19 years old, were single parents, or had low socioeconomic status. Between April 1978 and September 1980, 500 women were interviewed and 400 were randomly assigned to one of four conditions (two treatment and two comparison groups). This study measured the sample when the children were 19 years old. The sample included 310 youth (170 in the treatment groups and 140 in the comparison groups).
Setting
Elmira, NY
Home Visiting Services
The study included two treatment groups. Families in the first treatment group were provided nurse home visits through the mother’s pregnancy, sensory and developmental screening for the child at 12 and 24 months of age, referrals for clinical evaluation and treatment, and free transportation for prenatal and well-child care through the child’s second birthday. Families in the second treatment group were provided the same services as the first treatment group except that the nurse continued visits through the child’s second birthday.
Model(s) Reviewed
Note: Navigate to model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the study manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Comparison Conditions
The study included two comparison groups, which were combined for the analyses. Families in the first group were provided the same sensory and developmental screening for the child at 12 and 24 months of age as the treatment groups. Based on the results of these screenings, the children were referred for clinical evaluation and treatment when needed. Families in the second group were provided these same screening services plus free transportation for prenatal and well-child care through the child’s second birthday. There were no differences between in the groups in their use of prenatal and well-child care.
Were any subgroups examined?
Yes
Subgroups examined
• Child gender (boy or girl) • Subgroups defined by combinations of maternal characteristics (unmarried and low income)
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
Child development and school readiness
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever been pregnant/made a girl pregnant |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever fathered a child/given birth |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Number of sex partners, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Frequency of birth control use |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Frequency of condom use |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Ever been pregnant/made a girl pregnant |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever fathered a child/given birth |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Number of sex partners, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Frequency of birth control use |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Frequency of condom use |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Graduated from high school |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Graduated from high school |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Illicit drug use |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Binge drinking |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Illicit drug use |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Binge drinking |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illicit drug use |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.65 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Binge drinking |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.67 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Graduated from high school |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.30 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.29 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Ever been pregnant |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 |
116 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Ever given birth |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.86 |
116 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Number of sex partners, past year |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
115 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
Family economic self-sufficiency
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economically productive |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever used AFDC |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever used food stamps |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever used Medicaid |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Economically productive |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever used AFDC |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.68 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever used food stamps |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Ever used Medicaid |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.34 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economically productive |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.38 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Ever used AFDC |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.35 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.32 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Ever used food stamps |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.96 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Ever used Medicaid |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.44 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
Reductions in juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arrested, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.48 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Convicted, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.64 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Arrested, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Convicted, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.34 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Felony assault |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.64 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Minor assault |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Minor theft |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Fraud |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.67 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Illegal services |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.34 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Vandalism |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Public disorder |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Number of arrests, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Number of convictions, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Number of arrests, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Number of convictions, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
231 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Arrested, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Convicted, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Arrested, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.49 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Convicted, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.56 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Felony assault |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.52 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Minor assault |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Minor theft |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Fraud |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Illegal services |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Vandalism |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Public disorder |
19-year follow-up |
High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
||
Number of arrests, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Number of convictions, lifetime |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Number of arrests, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
|||
Number of convictions, past year |
19-year follow-up |
High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
219 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arrested, lifetime |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.33 | Statistically significant, p= <0.05 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Convicted, lifetime |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.20 | Statistically significant, p= <0.05 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Arrested, past year |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.36 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.61 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Convicted, past year |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.89 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Felony assault |
19-year follow up |
High | 2.46 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.40 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Minor assault |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.65 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Minor theft |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.81 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Fraud |
19-year follow up |
High | 2.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.49 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Illegal services |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.36 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.61 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Vandalism |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.59 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.30 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Public disorder |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.23 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.40 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Number of arrests, lifetime |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.18 | Statistically significant, p= <0.05 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Number of convictions, lifetime |
19-year follow up |
High | 0.11 | Statistically significant, p= <0.05 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Number of arrests, past year |
19-year follow up |
High | 2.64 | Statistically significant, p = 0.00 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Number of convictions, past year |
19-year follow up |
High | 2.34 | Statistically significant, p = 0.00 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls) |
||
Arrested, lifetime - 15 year follow-up |
15-year follow up |
High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.88 |
117 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (boys) |
||
Arrested, lifetime - 15 year follow-up |
15-year follow up |
High | 1.30 | Statistically significant, p = 0.00 |
124 children | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (boys) |
This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:
Race/Ethnicity
Maternal Education
Other Characteristics
This study included participants from the following locations:
- New York