Less than a high school diploma
21%
Source
Wen, L. M., Baur, L. A., Simpson, J. M., Rissel, C., Wardle, K., & Flood, V. M. (2012). Effectiveness of home based early intervention on children's BMI at age 2: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 344, e3732. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e3732
Model(s) Reviewed
Funding Sources
The study was funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (ID number: 393112) as part of the Healthy Beginnings Trial.
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low | Established on SES for full sample; not established on race; outcome measures are not assessable at baseline for children; not established on outcome measures at baseline for mothers. | No |
Notes
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review to move measures of food used as reward and TV during meals concept from the Positive Parenting Practices domain to the Child Health domain because because ACF determined that HomVEE should place all child feeding outcomes under the Child Health domain.
This randomized controlled trial had low attrition, no confounding factors, and no reassignment; it qualifies for a moderate rating in the HomVEE review. A high rating requires that authors statistically control for any baseline differences in race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), or measures of the outcome. Because the study authors do not indicate that they assessed race/ethnicity of the study sample, nor do they indicate that their analysis controls for this or any other variables, moderate is the highest possible rating for the study.
Study Participants
Evaluators randomly assigned pregnant women receiving prenatal care through two hospitals to intervention or control groups (with women from each hospital in each study group). The study enrolled 337 women in the intervention group and 330 women in the control group. Most women were assessed and randomized before giving birth (61 percent); however, the remaining cases were assessed and randomized shortly after giving birth. Evaluators examined outcomes 24 months after the child's birth. The analytic sample focused on 497 women (255 intervention, 242 control) and their children.
Among the original randomized sample, the plurality of women (42 percent) were younger than age 25; most (54 percent) were either employed or on maternity leave, and most (55 percent) had a high school or technical diploma before the study began. Among these women, about one-third earned less than $40,000 annually; one-third earned $40,000 to $79,999; and one-third earned $80,000 or more. Authors did not report collecting race/ethnicity data but stated that 64 percent of women in the study were born in Australia.
Setting
The study was conducted in southwestern Sydney, Australia, through Liverpool and Campbelltown Hospitals, and enrolled women in the study in 2007 and 2008.
Home Visiting Services
The intervention group received up to eight visits starting at 30 to 36 weeks of pregnancy (if recruited at that time) and 1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth. Each visit lasted about 1 to 2 hours. Working with the mother and infant, the nurse addressed infant feeding practices, nutrition and play/activity (of both child and family), and social support. Using a checklist, nurses followed a protocol for service delivery, including discussion points and resources. The authors reference an appendix for additional details on the protocol.
Comparison Conditions
The control group received the usual services provided in Australia, which includes home visiting from a childhood nursing service within one month of the child's birth. The study provided home safety promotion materials at 6 and 12 months.
Study Participants
Evaluators randomly assigned pregnant women receiving prenatal care through two hospitals to intervention or control groups (with women from each hospital in each study group). The study enrolled 337 women in the intervention group and 330 women in the control group. Most women were assessed and randomized before giving birth (61 percent); however, the remaining cases were assessed and randomized shortly after giving birth. Evaluators examined outcomes 24 months after the child's birth. The analytic sample focused on 497 women (255 intervention, 242 control) and their children.
Among the original randomized sample, the plurality of women (42 percent) were younger than age 25; most (54 percent) were either employed or on maternity leave, and most (55 percent) had a high school or technical diploma before the study began. Among these women, about one-third earned less than $40,000 annually; one-third earned $40,000 to $79,999; and one-third earned $80,000 or more. Authors did not report collecting race/ethnicity data but stated that 64 percent of women in the study were born in Australia.
Setting
The study was conducted in southwestern Sydney, Australia, through Liverpool and Campbelltown Hospitals, and enrolled women in the study in 2007 and 2008.
Home Visiting Services
The intervention group received up to eight visits starting at 30 to 36 weeks of pregnancy (if recruited at that time) and 1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth. Each visit lasted about 1 to 2 hours. Working with the mother and infant, the nurse addressed infant feeding practices, nutrition and play/activity (of both child and family), and social support. Using a checklist, nurses followed a protocol for service delivery, including discussion points and resources. The authors reference an appendix for additional details on the protocol.
Comparison Conditions
The control group received the usual services provided in Australia, which includes home visiting from a childhood nursing service within one month of the child's birth. The study provided home safety promotion materials at 6 and 12 months.
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.22 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 |
483 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Food used as a reward-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.25 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
493 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| TV on during meal-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.29 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 |
496 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Child eat dinner in front of TV-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.31 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 |
494 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Weight-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | Not statistically significant, p = 0.24 |
483 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | |||
| Length-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | Not statistically significant, p = 0.35 |
483 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | |||
| Child vegetable >= 1 serving/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.35 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
497 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Child fruit >= 1 serving/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.43 |
497 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Child water >3 cups/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 |
496 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Child eat french fries-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.65 |
496 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Child eat salty snack-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.29 |
496 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Child eat sweet snack everyday-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.31 |
497 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Child drink soft drink-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.48 |
495 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child watch TV >60 minutes/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.35 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 |
434 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother eat processed meat-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.28 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
495 mothers | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother vegetable >2 servings/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.41 | Statistically significant, p = 0.00 |
496 mothers | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother fruit >2 serving/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.25 |
497 mothers | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother water >=8 cups/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.99 |
497 mothers | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother drink soft drink-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.08 |
497 mothers | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother eat french fries-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.09 |
497 mothers | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother eat fast food-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.33 |
497 mothers | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother activity time >=150 minutes/week-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.24 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
458 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial | ||
| Mother watch TV >=120 minutes/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.84 |
496 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child outdoor play >=120 minutes/day-Complete Case Analysis | 24 months | Moderate | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.90 |
484 children | Sydney, Australia Healthy Beginnings Trial |
This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:
Race/Ethnicity
Maternal Education
Other Characteristics
This study included participants from the following locations:
- State not reported or international
International Locations
Australia