Black or African American
25%
Chazan-Cohen, R., Raikes, H. H., & Vogel, C. (2013). V. Program subgroups: Patterns of impacts for home-based, center-based, and mixed-approach programs. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(1), 93-109.
Model(s) Reviewed
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Funding Sources
Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Child Outcomes Research and Evaluation team (CORE) within ACF’s Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation (OPRE), and the Head Start Bureau in the Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF).
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low | Established on race/ethnicity and SES; established on some relevant outcomes. |
None |
Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed under Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 1 |
In 2020, HomVEE updated the details of this review in the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain in two ways. First, HomVEE removed the child witnessed violence finding from the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain because it does not assess where (in the home or elsewhere) the child witnessed that violence and is therefore ineligible for review in this domain. Second, HomVEE moved measures of percent spanked last week from the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain to the Positive Parenting Practices domain because ACF determined that nonviolent discipline and corporal punishment outcomes belong in the Positive Parenting Practices domain, unless those outcome are assessed using the Conflict Tactics Scale-Parent/Child.
Although the authors do not control for baseline measures of outcomes, the following outcomes rate high: child outcomes, which were not assessable at baseline, and parent employment and income outcomes, which were equivalent at baseline. Two outcomes rate moderate because the authors do not establish baseline equivalence: "parent depression" and "someone in household had alcohol/drug problem in past year." This review reports only those outcomes not previously reported in Love et al. (2001, 2002). Note that this manuscript reports both ITT and TOT estimates, but only ITT estimates are reported here.
Study Participants
This study relies on data from a randomized controlled trial of 17 Early Head Start (EHS) programs that began in 1995. Seven of the programs served clients through a home-based option (though other clients in other EHS options also received home visits) and are the focus of this report (EHS-HBO). The study randomly assigned 1,385 families, who applied to those seven programs, either to receive home-based EHS or a comparison condition. This study included outcomes reported for the 5-year-old follow-up (other years of follow-up are reported in separate studies). For this follow-up, 927 parents (479 in EHS-HBO and 448 in the comparison group) provided data for parent interviews.
Setting
The study was conducted in 17 EHS programs throughout the United States, including seven programs with home-based options, which are the focus of this report. Four programs were located in urban areas and three programs were located in rural areas. The seven programs represented a mix of implementation timing; one early implementer had all EHS-HBO elements in place by 1997, and three later implementers had all elements in place by 1999; three programs did not have all elements in place by 1999. The early-implementing program had fully implemented both child and family development services early and continued to have those services in place in 1999.
Home Visiting Services
EHS-HBO services are intended to be delivered to families via weekly home visits. Seventy percent of families in these programs received weekly visits during at least one of the first two follow-up periods, and 26 percent received such services throughout both periods. Over the first two years, families in the home-based option received an average of 71 visits. Typical home visits were at least one hour long. Topics for home visits included child growth and development, child play activities, housing issues, and parent-child communication.
Model(s) Reviewed
Navigate to model page for more information about the home visiting model.
Comparison Conditions
Control group families could not receive EHS-HBO services, but could receive other services available in their community.
Were any subgroups examined?
No
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
Child development and school readiness
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBCL Aggressive behavior |
Age 5 |
High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
FACES Social Behavior Problems |
Age 5 |
High | 0.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Negativity toward parent during play |
Age 5 |
High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
829 | Home-based program approach |
||
Child has an individualized education plan |
Age 5 |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
||
Speech problems |
Age 5 |
High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
||
Engagement during play |
Age 5 |
High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
829 | Home-based program approach |
||
FACES positive approaches to learning |
Age 5 |
High | 0.18 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Observed Leiter emotion regulation |
Age 5 |
High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
||
Observed attention |
Age 5 |
High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
||
Leiter attention sustained |
Age 5 |
High | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
||
English receptive vocabulary (PPVT) |
Age 5 |
High | 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
||
Woodcock Johnson Letter-Word identification (English) |
Age 5 |
High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
||
Woodcock Johnson Applied Problems |
Age 5 |
High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
802 | Home-based program approach |
Positive parenting practices
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percent spanked last week |
Age 5 |
High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
HOME Language and Literacy |
Age 5 |
High | 0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Percent reading daily |
Age 5 |
High | 0.15 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Parent supportiveness during play |
Age 5 |
High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Teaching activities |
Age 5 |
High | 0.15 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Children's books (26 or more) |
Age 5 |
High | 0.14 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
Family economic self-sufficiency
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent employed |
Age 5 |
High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Parent income (dollars) |
Age 5 |
High | 0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
Maternal health
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent depression |
Age 5 |
Moderate | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
||
Someone in household had alcohol/drug problem in past year |
Age 5 |
Moderate | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
927 | Home-based program approach |
This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:
Race/Ethnicity
Maternal Education
Other Characteristics
This study included participants from the following locations:
- State not reported or international