Black or African American
35%
Shapiro, C. J., Kilburn, J., & Hardin, J. W. (2014b). Prevention of behavior problems in a selected population: Stepping Stones Triple P for parents of young children with disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 2958–2975. (Study Two)
Model(s) Reviewed
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Study Registration
Funding Sources
National Quality Improvement Center on Early Childhood, which is funded by the Office on Child Abuse and Neglect, Administration for Children, Youth, and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not established on race/ethnicity, SES or baseline measures of the outcome |
None |
Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed under Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 1 |
This review is of Study Two in this publication. Study One examines the same outcomes and follow-up periods in a different group of participants. The studies differ in that Study One participants did not receive services from a PCAN-trained coordinator. Study One is reported under Shapiro et al. (2014a). Study Two outcomes at the five-month follow-up are eligible for a moderate rating. They have low attrition, but baseline equivalence was not demonstrated on race/ethnicity, SES, or baseline measures of the outcome. Although the analysis controlled for baseline measures of the outcomes, it did not control for race/ethnicity and SES. Controls for all three types of measures would be necessary for a study of this type to receive a high rating. Study Two outcomes at the 12-month follow-up are eligible for a low rating because they have high attrition and baseline equivalence could not be assessed. All models controlled for baseline measures of the outcomes.
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
Child development and school readiness
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL)- internalizing | 5 months | Moderate | 0.32 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.27 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL)- externalizing | 5 months | Moderate | 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.41 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL)- total problems | 5 months | Moderate | 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 |
Positive parenting practices
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parenting Scale (PS) - Laxness | 5 months | Moderate | 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.17 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Parenting Scale (PS) - Over-reactivity | 5 months | Moderate | 0.41 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.78 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Parenting Scale (PS) - Hostility | 5 months | Moderate | 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.43 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Parenting Scale (PS) - Total | 5 months | Moderate | 0.47 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Keys to Interactive Parenting Scale (KIPS) | 5 months | Moderate | 0.46 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.06 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Toddler Care Questionnaire (TCQ) | 5 months | Moderate | 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 |
Maternal health
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—Short Form (DASS-21) - Depression | 5 months | Moderate | 0.30 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.08 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT -Study 2 | ||
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—Short Form (DASS-21) - Anxiety | 5 months | Moderate | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.69 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT - Study 2 | ||
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—Short Form (DASS-21) - Stress | 5 months | Moderate | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.62 | 39 parents | SSSTP RCT - Study 2 |
Study Participants
Caregivers of children age 2 or younger who were eligible for services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part C and who had no history of child maltreatment were eligible to participate in the evaluation. Families were also required to be on the caseload of an IDEA Part C service coordinator who had been trained in the Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: Parent-Provider Partnerships in Child Care (PCAN) curriculum, which is designed to facilitate effective communication with caregivers. Caregivers deemed eligible for the study received two initial home visits to review consent forms and complete baseline assessments. At the conclusion of the second home visit, 40 caregivers were randomly assigned (20 to treatment and 20 to control). All caregivers in the study were mothers.
Mothers assigned to the treatment group were 32 years old, on average; 45 percent were white and 45 percent were African American. Mothers assigned to the control group were 29 years old, on average; 70 percent were white and 25 percent were African American. Mothers assigned to the control group had significantly lower household incomes than mothers assigned to the treatment group. Outcomes were measured post-treatment (5 months) and at follow-up (12 months). Analytic sample size for the treatment group was slightly lower because of attrition at post-treatment (19 mothers) and at follow-up (18 mothers).
Setting
No information was provided.
Home Visiting Services
Mothers in the treatment group received Standard Stepping Stones Triple P (SSSTP) in addition to IDEA Part C services delivered by a PCAN-trained coordinator. SSSTP, a level 4 intervention in the Triple P hierarchy, is a variant of Triple P developed for parents of preadolescent children with disabilities. Sessions included an assessment of areas to target for intervention, giving feedback to parents on assessment findings using a guided participatory model, goal setting, providing positive parenting strategies, observation and support of parental implementation of parenting skills, planned activities training to promote generalization, and closure. If a DVD player was available, families watched segments of a training DVD created by the developers of SSSTP. The DVD segments provided information on causes of child behavioral problems and illustrated the parenting strategies. If a DVD player was not available, the SSSTP provider reviewed the relevant sections of the workbook with the parent and demonstrated skills as necessary.
Model(s) Reviewed
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Comparison Conditions
IDEA Part C services as usual, delivered by a PCAN-trained coordinator. Like those in the treatment group, mothers in the control group received two home visits for baseline assessments before the study began.
This study included participants from the following locations:
- South Carolina