Paul, I. M., Savage, J. S., Anzman-Frasca, S., Marini, M. E., Mindell, J. A., & Birch, L. L. (2016). INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention and infant sleep. Pediatrics, 138(1), 1-10. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0762
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 2 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No | No |
Yes, details reported below for findings on valid, reliable outcomes that otherwise rate at least moderate |
Information on sample sizes was obtained from Paul et al. (2014) and correspondence with the author. Information to characterize the statistical significance of some findings was based on correspondence with the author.
| Study participants | Study participants were mother and infant dyads recruited after delivery in one Pennsylvania hospital. To be eligible, dyads had to include full-term, singleton births, with infants of normal birth weight. Mothers were English-speaking, primiparous, and at least 20 years old. A total of 291 dyads were randomly assigned to either the Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) intervention (145 dyads) or a comparison intervention (146 dyads). Mother–infant dyads were randomly assigned to the INSIGHT intervention or the comparison intervention two weeks after birth, and outcomes were measured until the children’s first birthday. In the study, 89 percent of mothers were White, 6 percent were Black, 3 percent were Asian, and 1 percent reported another race. Most mothers (56 percent) had annual household incomes between $25,000 and $99,000; 11 percent had annual household incomes below $25,000. |
|---|---|
| Setting | The study took place in Hershey, Pennsylvania. |
| Intervention services | INSIGHT consisted of home visits conducted when infants were 3 to 4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks old, followed by annual clinic-based visits at 1, 2, and 3 years old. The curriculum taught parents to respond promptly and in developmentally appropriate ways to infant cues across four behavioral states (drowsy, sleepy, fussy, and alert/calm). Research nurses provided parents with developmentally appropriate sleep guidance during each visit. The guidance addressed bedtime routines, sleep location, and night waking. During and between visits, caregivers were provided with information and resources on responsive feeding, lactation support, soothing practices, and home safety (including crib safety and choking hazards). When infants were 2 weeks old, participants received a mailed packet with information on infant feeding. |
| Comparison conditions | Families assigned to the comparison condition were not eligible to receive intervention services through the INSIGHT program. However, these families received a similar number of home visits as the INSIGHT group (when infants were 3 to 4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks old) and annual clinic-based visits at 1, 2, and 3 years old. The home visits focused solely on home safety topics, including crib safety. When infants were 2 weeks old, participants received a mailed packet with information on infant feeding. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). There were no subgroups reported in this manuscript. |
| Funding sources | This research was supported by Award Numbers R01DK088244 and UL1TR000127 from the National Institutes of Health and 2011-67001-30117 from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The research was also supported by the Children’s Miracle Network at Penn State Health Children’s Hospital and the Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute. |
| Author affiliation | The authors are affiliated with several universities, including Pennsylvania State University, and are developers of the INSIGHT program. |
| Peer reviewed | Yes |
Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01167270. SocialScienceRegistry.org Identifier: None found. Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies Identifier: None found. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE for Clinicaltrials.gov beginning with the 2014 review, and for other registries beginning with the 2021 review.
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Daytime sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
245 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p >.05 |
|
| High | Daytime sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
8 weeks old |
252 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p >.05 |
|
| High | Daytime sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p >.05 |
|
| High | Daytime sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p >.05 |
|
| High | Overnight sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted mean = 582.10 | Unadjusted mean = 557.20 | Difference = 24.90 | HomVEE calculated = 0.31 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
| High | Overnight sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
245 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p >.05 |
|
| High | Overnight sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted mean = 624.60 | Unadjusted mean = 602.90 | Difference = 21.70 | HomVEE calculated = 0.30 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
| High | Overnight sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
8 weeks old |
252 infants | Unadjusted mean = 532.30 | Unadjusted mean = 497.20 | Difference = 35.10 | HomVEE calculated = 0.42 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Sleep 12 to 14 hours per day |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
245 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Odds ratio = 1.89 | HomVEE calculated = 0.38 | Not statistically significant, p >.05 |
HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. |
| High | Total daily sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p >.05 |
|
| High | Total daily sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
8 weeks old |
248 infants | Unadjusted mean = 866.30 | Unadjusted mean = 839.20 | Difference = 27.10 | HomVEE calculated = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.10 |
|
| High | Total daily sleep duration (minutes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted mean = 808.80 | Unadjusted mean = 785.30 | Difference = 23.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.08 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Bedtime 8 PM or earlier |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.46 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Difference = 0.22 | HomVEE calculated = 0.60 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Bedtime 8 PM or earlier |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
245 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.61 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.52 | Difference = 0.09 | HomVEE calculated = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.11 |
|
| High | Bedtime 8 PM or earlier |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.47 | Difference = 0.19 | HomVEE calculated = 0.47 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: bath |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.69 | Difference = -0.03 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.65 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: bath |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.61 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.55 | Difference = 0.06 | HomVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.34 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: bottle feed/breastfeed |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.91 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.92 | Difference = -0.01 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.85 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: bottle feed/breastfeed |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.94 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.90 | Difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.34 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.16 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: cereal in bottle |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.15 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.14 | Difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.86 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime routine: cereal in bottle |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.13 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.18 | Difference = -0.05 | HomVEE calculated = -0.23 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.37 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime routine: duration less than or equal to 45 minutes |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.51 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.37 | Difference = 0.14 | HomVEE calculated = 0.35 | Statistically significant, p= 0.03 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: duration less than or equal to 45 minutes |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.57 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.44 | Difference = 0.13 | HomVEE calculated = 0.32 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: fed as last activity before bed |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.22 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.33 | Difference = -0.11 | HomVEE calculated = -0.34 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime routine: fed as last activity before bed |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.20 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.40 | Difference = -0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.59 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime routine: music |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.26 | Difference = -0.02 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.57 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: music |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 | Difference = 0.03 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.59 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: read book |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.61 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.49 | Difference = 0.12 | HomVEE calculated = 0.30 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.05 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: read book |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.47 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.28 | Difference = 0.19 | HomVEE calculated = 0.50 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Bedtime routine: rocking |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.54 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.54 | Difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.89 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime routine: rocking |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.67 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.59 | Difference = 0.08 | HomVEE calculated = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.23 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime routine: watch television |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.13 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.93 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime routine: watch television |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.07 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Difference = -0.05 | HomVEE calculated = -0.36 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.13 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Bedtime Routines Questionnaire (BRQ): Overall score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
242 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
|
| High | Bedtime Routines Questionnaire (BRQ): Routine Behaviors subscale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
242 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.05 |
|
| High | Bedtime Routines Questionnaire (BRQ): Routine Environment subscale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
242 infants | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p= 0.03 |
|
| High | Dream feeds: nighttime feeding initiated by parent |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.25 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.10 | Difference = 0.15 | HomVEE calculated = 0.67 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
For infants at this age, a negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Dream feeds: nighttime feeding initiated by parent |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.39 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.19 | Difference = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.61 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Falls asleep alone in room, in crib (self-soothes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.59 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.46 | Difference = 0.13 | HomVEE calculated = 0.32 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 |
|
| High | Falls asleep alone in room, in crib (self-soothes) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.44 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.28 | Difference = 0.16 | HomVEE calculated = 0.43 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
| High | Falls asleep being held |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.36 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 | Difference = -0.12 | HomVEE calculated = -0.30 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.06 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Falls asleep being held |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.38 | Difference = -0.17 | HomVEE calculated = -0.51 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Falls asleep in less than or equal to 15 minutes |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.75 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.64 | Difference = 0.11 | HomVEE calculated = 0.32 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.06 |
|
| High | Falls asleep in less than or equal to 15 minutes |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.55 | Difference = 0.11 | HomVEE calculated = 0.28 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.07 |
|
| High | Falls asleep swaddled |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.33 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.20 | Difference = 0.13 | HomVEE calculated = 0.41 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
| High | Falls asleep swaddled |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.01 | Difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.43 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.57 |
|
| High | Falls asleep with pacifier |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.35 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.32 | Difference = 0.03 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.66 |
|
| High | Falls asleep with pacifier |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.36 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.31 | Difference = 0.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.46 |
|
| High | Falls asleep with white noise |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.34 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 | Difference = 0.13 | HomVEE calculated = 0.40 | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
|
| High | Falls asleep with white noise |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.30 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.25 | Difference = 0.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.42 |
|
| High | Give few minutes to fall back to sleep |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.57 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.56 | Difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.93 |
|
| High | Greater than or equal to 2 night feedings |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.14 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.15 | Difference = -0.01 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.70 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Greater than or equal to 2 night feedings |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.34 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.30 | Difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.50 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Greater than or equal to 2 wakings per night |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.28 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.32 | Difference = -0.04 | HomVEE calculated = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.50 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Greater than or equal to 2 wakings per night |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.37 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.33 | Difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.53 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Night waking: rub/pat but do not pick up |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.19 | Difference = 0.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.29 |
|
| High | Night waking: change diaper |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.65 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.64 | Difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.86 |
|
| High | Night waking: change diaper |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.35 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.37 | Difference = -0.02 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.82 |
|
| High | Night waking: feed back to sleep |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.54 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.72 | Difference = -0.18 | HomVEE calculated = -0.48 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Night waking: feed back to sleep |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.41 | Difference = -0.17 | HomVEE calculated = -0.48 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
For infants at this age, a negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Night waking: give few minutes to fall back to sleep |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.56 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.45 | Difference = 0.11 | HomVEE calculated = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.09 |
|
| High | Night waking: give pacifier |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.41 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.38 | Difference = 0.03 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.50 |
|
| High | Night waking: give pacifier |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.40 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.35 | Difference = 0.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.42 |
|
| High | Night waking: pick up and hold/rock back to sleep |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.33 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 | Difference = -0.15 | HomVEE calculated = -0.38 | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Night waking: pick up and hold/rock back to sleep |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.35 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.36 | Difference = -0.01 | HomVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.76 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| High | Night waking: rub/pat but do not pick up |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.27 | Difference = 0.21 | HomVEE calculated = 0.55 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Put to bed for the night while still awake |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
8 weeks old |
257 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.35 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.16 | Difference = 0.19 | HomVEE calculated = 0.63 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Same bedtime routine every night |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
1 year old |
244 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.55 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.34 | Difference = 0.21 | HomVEE calculated = 0.52 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
|
| High | Sleeps in own room |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
16 weeks old |
262 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.59 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.55 | Difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.65 |
|
| High | Sleeps in own room |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
INSIGHT vs. comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
40 weeks old |
251 infants | Unadjusted proportion = 0.80 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.83 | Difference = -0.03 | HomVEE calculated = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.37 |