Black or African American
29%
Vogel, C. A., Xue, Y., Moiduddin, E. M., Kisker, E. E., & Carlson, B. L. (2010). Early Head Start children in grade 5: Long-term follow-up of the Early Head Start research and evaluation study sample (OPRE Report #2011-8). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/grade5.pdf
Model(s): Early Head Start—Home-based option
Study design characteristics contributing to rating
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors? | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | High |
Established on race/ethnicity, SES, and baseline measures of the outcome(s) |
No |
Yes |
Notes from the review of this manuscript
This study is based on data from a randomized controlled trial of 17 Early Head Start (EHS) programs. Seven programs served families through a home-based option (EHS–HBO), which includes weekly home visits and is the focus on HomVEE’s review. Some findings about parent substance and alcohol use, housing security, household income, and family conflict received a low rating because they had high attrition and did not satisfy the baseline equivalence requirement. Some findings about children’s reading and math proficiency, social-emotional skills, parent relationship, and parenting practices received an indeterminate rating because HomVEE could not assess whether the measures were reliable or if baseline equivalence requirements were satisfied according to HomVEE standards. One finding about whether a child had 26 or more books at home was ineligible to review because the “26 or more” threshold was not justified. Information on reliability of measures, along with information necessary to demonstrate equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups, is based on correspondence with the author.
Child Development and School Readiness
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADD/ADHD diagnosis | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 744 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Aggressive behavior | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Anxious/depressed | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Attention problems | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Externalizing behavior | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Internalizing behavior | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Rule-breaking behavior | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Social problems | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Somatic complaints | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Thought problems | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Withdrawn/depressed | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Chronic absenteeism (%) | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 737 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Anger/distractibility | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 709 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Peer relations | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 707 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Sad/lonely/anxious | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 709 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Individualized Education Plan (IEP) | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Panel Study of Income Dynamics - Child Development Supplement, Wave 2 (PSID-CDS2): Bullying scale | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 705 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Retention (%) | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Self-reported delinquent behavior | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 706 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
Family Economic Self-Sufficiency
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current participation in TANF, SNAP, general assistance, or SSI/SSA benefits | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 746 families | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Mother's employment status | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 681 mothers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Mother's highest education level | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 658 mothers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
Maternal Health
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 746 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Parenting Stress Index (PSI) | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 746 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
Positive Parenting Practices
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Child relationship with the father | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 461 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Family involvement in school | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 733 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory: Total score | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.12 | Statistically significant, p <0.05 | 700 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Parent supervision | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 704 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 746 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Support for education: External to the home | Grade 6 | Moderate | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 737 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample | |
| Support for education: Internal to the home | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 738 caregivers | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
Reductions in Juvenile Delinquency, Family Violence, and Crime
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child exposure to domestic violence | Grade 5 | Moderate | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 747 children | EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
This study included participants from the following locations:
- State not reported or international
Study Participants
Study participants were families who met criteria to qualify for Early Head Start (EHS) programs, which included having a household income at or below the federal poverty level or having a child with a disability who is eligible for Part C services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in their state. A total of 1,386 families were randomly assigned to either Early Head Start–Home-based option (EHS–HBO; 707 families) or the comparison condition (679 families). At the time of enrollment, the mother was pregnant or the focal child was younger than 12 months old. Outcomes were measured when the focal child was in Grade 5. For this follow-up, 748 families (397 in EHS–HBO and 351 in the comparison group) provided data. In the study, 43 percent of the primary caregivers were non-Hispanic White, 29 percent were non-Hispanic Black, 26 percent were Hispanic, and 3 percent identified as another race. Thirty-three percent of the families in the study had household income below 33 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL); 27 percent had household income between 33 and 66 percent FPL; 28 percent had household income between 67 and 99 percent FPL; and 12 percent had household income greater than or equal to 100 percent FPL.
Setting
The study was conducted in 17 EHS programs throughout the United States, including seven programs with home-based options, which are the focus of this report.
Intervention condition
Note: Navigate to the model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the source manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Comparison Conditions
Families assigned to the comparison condition were not eligible to enroll in EHS–HBO. They could receive other services available in the community.
Subgroups examined
There were no subgroups reported in this manuscript.
Funding Sources
This research was supported by the Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, with funding by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under a competitive award, Contract No. HHSP233200700009T.