Manuscript Details

Peer reviewed?
No

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2012). Preparing For Life early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at six months [Study 1: Randomized controlled trial]. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

High rating
Study reviewed under: Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 2
Screening Conclusion

Eligible for review

Author Affiliation

Dr. Doyle and the Preparing for Life Evaluation team are affiliated with the University College Dublin Geary Institute for Public Policy. The authors were contracted by the home visiting model developers to evaluate Preparing for Life—Home Visiting.

Funding Sources

The Atlantic Philanthropies and the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (Ireland) supported the research.

Study Design
Design Attrition Baseline equivalence Confounding factors Valid, reliable measures?
Randomized controlled trial Low

Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition

No

Yes

Notes

The manuscript describes two studies: a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a non-experimental design (NED) using a matched comparison group. This review addressed the findings of the RCT. The review of the NED is addressed under the PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute (2012; Study 2).

Information on how certain measures were constructed and their reliability, information to satisfy the baseline equivalence requirement for findings with high attrition, and information on the regression imputation method were based on correspondence with the author. HomVEE’s calculations for statistical significance are used because authors’ calculations are based on one-tailed statistical tests. Several findings not reported in the tables below received a low rating because they had high attrition and did not satisfy the baseline requirement or did not satisfy the reliability requirement. Findings about mothers’ civic engagement, partnership status, household size, the presence of grandparents, whether the mother was breastfed herself as a baby, and whether the mother knows the baby’s weight are ineligible for review because they do not fall in one of HomVEE’ s eligible outcome domains. Measures of the fathers’ income and education are ineligible for review because HomVEE does not review measures of family self-sufficiency for the father, unless the manuscript clearly indicates that the father resides in the household. Findings for difficult child temperament adapted from the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) Social-Emotional score (total score), ASQ Gross motor score (total score), Parental Locus of Control Scale (PLOC) Control of child's behavior score, and number of child health problems are duplicates of those reported in Doyle et al. (2017) and are reported under that peer-reviewed manuscript.

Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript

Child Development and School Readiness
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) Gross Motor Cut-off Score 6 months old High
0.19 Not statistically significant, p = 0.25 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) Personal Social Cut-off Score 6 months old High
0.15 Not statistically significant, p = 0.34 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) Social-Emotional Cut-off score 6 months old High
0.19 Not statistically significant, p = 0.25 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Personal Social Score 6 months old High
0.06 Not statistically significant, p = 0.70 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant
Child Health
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Age left hospital (in days) 6 months old High
0.01 Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Appropriate frequency of eating (baby eats 6 or more times per day) 6 months old High
0.30 Statistically significant, p = 0.048 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Attempted breastfeeding 6 months old High
0.04 Not statistically significant, p = 0.76 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby eats appropriate food 6 months old High
0.26 Not statistically significant, p = 0.09 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby ever vaccinated 6 months old High
0.16 Not statistically significant, p = 0.51 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby problem breathing 6 months old High
0.19 Not statistically significant, p = 0.17 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby sleeps more than 8 hours a night 6 months old High
0.06 Not statistically significant, p = 0.76 171 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby sleeps undisturbed by 3 months 6 months old High
0.19 Not statistically significant, p = 0.18 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby sleeps undisturbed through the night 6 months old High
0.05 Not statistically significant, p = 0.76 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby’s crying a problem 6 months old High
0.03 Not statistically significant, p = 0.84 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Stayed in hospital during first 6 months (baby) 6 months old High
0.03 Not statistically significant, p = 0.82 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant
Family Economic Self-Sufficiency
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Equivalized weekly household income 6 months old High
0.01 Not statistically significant, p = 0.94 150 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Mother in paid employment 6 months old High
0.04 Not statistically significant, p = 0.79 171 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Mother long-term unemployed 6 months old High
0.06 Not statistically significant, p = 0.73 169 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Receives social welfare payments 6 months old High
0.18 Not statistically significant, p = 0.28 169 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Saves regularly 6 months old High
0.15 Not statistically significant, p = 0.36 171 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant
Maternal Health
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Below World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Score of 13 6 months old High
0.06 Not statistically significant, p = 0.65 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression cut-off 6 months old High
0.16 Not statistically significant, p = 0.33 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score, past 6 months 6 months old High
0.02 Not statistically significant, p = 0.91 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score, past 7 days 6 months old High
0.09 Not statistically significant, p = 0.55 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Knows families with children same age as baby 6 months old High
0.21 Not statistically significant, p = 0.18 170 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Mother number of general practitioner (GP) visits in past 6 months 6 months old High
0.16 Not statistically significant, p = 0.30 171 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Mother took or is currently on maternity leave 6 months old High
0.10 Not statistically significant, p = 0.48 171 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Difficult Child 6 months old High
0.14 Not statistically significant, p = 0.36 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Parent-child Dysfunctional Interactions 6 months old High
0.28 Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Parental Distress 6 months old High
0.04 Not statistically significant, p = 0.79 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Stress Cut-off Score 6 months old High
0.24 Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), total score 6 months old High
0.12 Not statistically significant, p = 0.42 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Percentage Score 6 months old High
0.01 Not statistically significant, p = 0.95 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant
Positive Parenting Practices
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Appropriateness of baby sleeping location 6 months old High
0.39 Statistically significant, p = 0.03 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Baby has appropriate sleep preparation 6 months old High
0.19 Not statistically significant, p = 0.24 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS), Absence of Hostility 6 months old High
0.04 Not statistically significant, p = 0.80 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS), Quality of Attachment 6 months old High
0.03 Not statistically significant, p = 0.85 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS), total score 6 months old High
0.01 Not statistically significant, p = 0.94 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Mother interaction with baby (items adapted from My Baby and Me program and Parenting for the First Time program) 6 months old High
0.22 Not statistically significant, p = 0.14 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Mother uses baby safety gate 6 months old High
0.15 Not statistically significant, p = 0.32 151 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Mother uses electrical socket covers 6 months old High
0.20 Not statistically significant, p = 0.18 168 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Baby Comparison 6 months old High
0.26 Not statistically significant, p = 0.10 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Hostile-reactive Behavior 6 months old High
0.20 Not statistically significant, p = 0.18 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Impact 6 months old High
0.08 Not statistically significant, p = 0.58 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Over-protection 6 months old High
0.02 Not statistically significant, p = 0.90 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Self-efficacy 6 months old High
0.10 Not statistically significant, p = 0.47 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Warmth 6 months old High
0.06 Not statistically significant, p = 0.75 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Locus of Control Scale (PLOC), overall score 6 months old High
0.16 Not statistically significant, p = 0.29 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Parental Locus of Control Scale (PLOC), Parental Belief in Fate/Chance 6 months old High
0.08 Not statistically significant, p = 0.61 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Satisfied with father's involvement 6 months old High
0.25 Not statistically significant, p = 0.11 173 mother/child dyads High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant
Study Participants

Study participants were pregnant women recruited in a maternity hospital or in the community. A total of 233 pregnant women were randomly assigned to either the Preparing for Life—Home Visiting group that received home visiting services (“high PFL”; 115 participants) or the comparison condition that did not receive home visiting services (“low PFL”; 118 participants). The study included a total of 173 participants, 83 in the high PFL group and 90 in the low PFL comparison group. Outcomes were measured when the children in the sample were six months old. At intake, the average age of the mothers was 25. The percentage of mothers identifying as Irish was 96 percent, and 4 percent as Irish Traveller. About half of the women were first-time mothers.

Setting

The study took place in North Dublin, Ireland.

Intervention condition
Comparison Conditions

Participants in the low PFL (comparison) group did not have access to the home visiting services or tip sheets. The comparison group did, however, receive some of the same resources made available to the high PFL (intervention) group, including the package of safety items and toys. These participants had access to an information officer who met with participants before the child’s birth and at various intervals after birth and provided information on Preparing for Life community events and other local services. Participants in the comparison group had access to public health workshops, such as a stress-control program and a healthy food program.

Were any subgroups examined?
No
Subgroups examined

• Child gender (boy or girl) • Parity (primiparous) • Relationship status (single parent) • Cognitive resources of mother (high or low as measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) • Emotional well-being level of mother (high or low as measured by the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index) • Maternal substance use/disorder (smoked or drank during pregnancy) • Maternal familial risk (high as measured by a survey of household domestic risks)