Black or African American
70%
Source
Lind, T., Bernard, K., Yarger, H. A., & Dozier, M. (2019). Promoting compliance in children referred to child protective services: A randomized clinical trial. Child Development. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13207
Model(s) Reviewed
Study Registration
Funding Sources
This research was supported by Award Numbers R01MH052135, R01MH074374, and R01MH084135 from the National Institute of Mental Health.
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | High | Established on race/ethnicity and SES; outcomes not feasible to assess at baseline | None |
Notes
This manuscript analyzes findings from the same randomized controlled trial as Bernard et al. (2012). Additional contextual information about the study is from Bernard et al. (2012). Information on attrition for the 1-month post-intervention follow-up was based on correspondence with the author.
Study Participants
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) assigned eligible families to either ABC-Infant or a comparison program that also included home visits. Eligible families were participants in a foster care diversion program with children younger than 2 who were referred from Child Protective Services for various issues placing children at risk (for example, domestic violence, parental substance use, homelessness, or neglect). At the 36 month follow-up, the analytic sample consisted of 101 mother-child dyads (45 in the ABC-Infant group and 56 in the comparison group). In the analytic sample, 69 percent of children were African American, 6 percent were White, 11 percent were Hispanic, and 14 percent were biracial. All caregiver participants in the study were biological mothers, 70 percent of whom were African American, 9 percent White, 14 percent Hispanic, and 7 percent biracial. The majority of the caregivers had less than a high school degree (58 percent) and most (64 percent) reported an annual income of less than $10,000.
Setting
The study was conducted in a large mid-Atlantic city.
Home Visiting Services
ABC-Infant consisted of 10 weekly hour-long home visits. The sessions focused on five topic areas: providing nurturance, following the child’s lead, refraining from frightening behavior, parents recognizing the effect of their own childhood experiences on their parenting behavior, and learning the importance of touch and children’s emotions. Across all sessions, parent trainers engaged parents in structured activities with their children and then provided feedback on observations of participants’ parenting behavior, both in real-time and by playing back video recordings from the sessions.
Comparison Conditions
Comparison families received Developmental Education for Families (DEF) in home visits that were the same duration (10 hour-long sessions) and frequency (weekly) as ABC-Infant. DEF was designed to enhance cognitive and linguistic development. For this study, the components related to following children’s cues were removed to distinguish it from ABC-Infant.
Were any subgroups examined?
No
Study Participants
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) assigned eligible families to either ABC-Infant or a comparison program that also included home visits. Eligible families were participants in a foster care diversion program with children younger than 2 who were referred from Child Protective Services for various issues placing children at risk (for example, domestic violence, parental substance use, homelessness, or neglect). At the 36 month follow-up, the analytic sample consisted of 101 mother-child dyads (45 in the ABC-Infant group and 56 in the comparison group). In the analytic sample, 69 percent of children were African American, 6 percent were White, 11 percent were Hispanic, and 14 percent were biracial. All caregiver participants in the study were biological mothers, 70 percent of whom were African American, 9 percent White, 14 percent Hispanic, and 7 percent biracial. The majority of the caregivers had less than a high school degree (58 percent) and most (64 percent) reported an annual income of less than $10,000.
Setting
The study was conducted in a large mid-Atlantic city.
Home Visiting Services
ABC-Infant consisted of 10 weekly hour-long home visits. The sessions focused on five topic areas: providing nurturance, following the child’s lead, refraining from frightening behavior, parents recognizing the effect of their own childhood experiences on their parenting behavior, and learning the importance of touch and children’s emotions. Across all sessions, parent trainers engaged parents in structured activities with their children and then provided feedback on observations of participants’ parenting behavior, both in real-time and by playing back video recordings from the sessions.
Comparison Conditions
Comparison families received Developmental Education for Families (DEF) in home visits that were the same duration (10 hour-long sessions) and frequency (weekly) as ABC-Infant. DEF was designed to enhance cognitive and linguistic development. For this study, the components related to following children’s cues were removed to distinguish it from ABC-Infant.
Were any subgroups examined?
No
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child compliance: child touched toys |
36 months of age |
Moderate | 0.52 | Statistically significant, p <.05 |
101 mother/child dyads | ABC-Infant vs. DEF; Large mid-Atlantic city |
||
Child compliance composite |
36 months of age |
Moderate | 0.53 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
101 mother/child dyads | ABC-Infant vs. DEF; Large mid-Atlantic city |
||
Child compliance: duration of child touching toys (seconds) |
36 months of age |
Moderate | 0.42 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 |
101 mother/child dyads | ABC-Infant vs. DEF; Large mid-Atlantic city |
||
Child compliance: latency to child touching toys (seconds) |
36 months of age |
Moderate | 0.68 | Statistically significant, p= 0.00 |
101 mother/child dyads | ABC-Infant vs. DEF; Large mid-Atlantic city |
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect size (absolute value) | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent sensitivity: duration (seconds) |
36 months of age |
Moderate | 0.40 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.05 |
101 mother/child dyads | ABC-Infant vs. DEF; Large mid-Atlantic city |
||
Parent sensitivity |
1 month post-intervention |
Moderate | 0.47 | Statistically significant, p= 0.03 |
89 mother/child dyads | ABC-Infant vs. DEF; Large mid-Atlantic city |
This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:
Race/Ethnicity
Maternal Education
Other Characteristics
This study included participants from the following locations:
- State not reported or international