Asian
1.90%
Source
Peer reviewed?
Yes
Adams, E. L., Marini, M. E., Brick, T. R., Paul, I. M., Birch, L. L., & Savage, J. S. (2019). Ecological momentary assessment of using food to soothe during infancy in the INSIGHT trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0837-y
Study Registration
Funding Sources
This research was supported by Award Number R01DK088244 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. It was also supported by the Children's Miracle Network at Penn State Health Children’s Hospital and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Childhood Obesity Prevention Training Program.
Study Design
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No |
Yes, details reported below for findings on valid, reliable outcomes that otherwise rate at least moderate |
Notes
Information on sample sizes was based on correspondence with the author. The authors report findings in the manuscript that are ineligible for review because they do not examine the impact of the intervention on an eligible outcome (for example, descriptions of infant fusses and feeds and descriptions of soothing strategies).
Study Participants
Study participants were mother and infant dyads recruited after delivery in one Pennsylvania hospital. To be eligible, dyads had to include full-term, singleton births, with infants of normal birth weight. Mothers were English-speaking, primiparous, and at least 20 years old. A total of 291 dyads were randomly assigned to either the Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) intervention (145 dyads) or a comparison intervention (146 dyads); 157 of the dyads were included in the analyses in this manuscript (81 in the intervention group and 76 in the comparison group). Mother–infant dyads were randomly assigned to the INSIGHT intervention or the comparison intervention two weeks after birth. Outcomes were measured when children were 3 weeks and 8 weeks old. In the study, 89 percent of mothers were White, 7 percent were Black, 2 percent were Asian, and 2 percent reported another race. Most mothers (62 percent) had annual household incomes between $25,000 and $99,000; 10 percent had annual household incomes below $25,000. Ninety percent of mothers were college educated.
Setting
The study took place in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
Home Visiting Services
INSIGHT consisted of home visits conducted when infants were 3 to 4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks old, followed by annual clinic-based visits at 1, 2, and 3 years old. The curriculum taught parents to respond promptly and in developmentally appropriate ways to infant cues across four behavioral states (drowsy, sleepy, fussy, and alert/calm). Research nurses provided parents with developmentally appropriate sleep guidance during each visit. The guidance addressed bedtime routines, sleep location, and night waking. During and between visits, caregivers were provided with information and resources on responsive feeding, lactation support, soothing practices, and home safety (including crib safety and choking hazards). When infants were 2 weeks old, participants received a mailed packet with information on infant feeding.
Comparison Conditions
Families assigned to the comparison condition were not eligible to receive intervention services through the INSIGHT program. However, these families received a similar number of home visits as the INSIGHT group (when infants were 3 to 4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks old) and annual clinic-based visits at 1, 2, and 3 years old. The home visits focused solely on home safety topics, including crib safety. When infants were 2 weeks old, participants received a mailed packet with information on infant feeding.
Were any subgroups examined?
No
Subgroups examined
There were no subgroups reported in this manuscript.
Findings that rate moderate or high in this manuscript
| Outcome measure | Timing of follow-up | Rating | Effect size | Stastical significance | Sample size | Sample description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother's first response to infant fussing is to feed |
3 weeks old |
High | 0.39 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
153 mother/child dyads | INSIGHT vs comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
Mother's first response to infant fussing is to feed |
8 weeks old |
High | 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p=.053 |
144 mother/child dyads | INSIGHT vs comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
Mother used a responsive parenting practice (for example, rub or pat) to address infant fussing |
3 weeks old |
High | 0.40 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
152 mother/child dyads | INSIGHT vs comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
Mother used a responsive parenting practice (for example, rub or pat) to address infant fussing |
8 weeks old |
High | 0.35 | Statistically significant, p <.01 |
142 mother/child dyads | INSIGHT vs comparison, Pennsylvania 2012-2014, full sample |
This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:
Race/Ethnicity
Maternal Education
Other Characteristics
This study included participants from the following locations:
- Pennsylvania