Manuscript Details

Oxford, M. L., Hash, J. B., Lohr, M. J., Bleil, M., Unützer, J., & Spieker, S. J. (2020). Randomized trial of Promoting First Relationships® for new mothers who received community mental health services in pregnancy. Unpublished manuscript submitted to HomVEE.

High rating
Study reviewed under: Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 2
Study design characteristics contributing to rating
Design Attrition Baseline equivalence Confounding factors? Valid, reliable measures?
Randomized controlled trial Low

Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition

No

Yes, details reported below for findings on valid, reliable outcomes

Notes from the review of this manuscript

Baseline assessments were completed when infants were between 6 and 12 weeks old. Follow-up measures were completed when infants were 6 and 12 months old. Findings for "Infant difficultness" when infants were 6-months old received a low evidence rating because the outcome did not satisfy HomVEE's reliability requirements. All other reviewed findings received a high evidence rating. The authors' analyses controlled for intervention condition, mother's preferred language, and baseline measures of outcomes. Baseline measures were available for all measures except those using the Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA), which were not feasible to assess at baseline. Information that demonstrated the reliability of the outcome measures and baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was based on correspondence with the authors.

Child Development and School Readiness
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Difficultness 12 months of age High
0.22 Not statistically significant, p = 0.11 225 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Difficultness 12 months of age High
0.16 Not statistically significant, p= 0.09 252 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Dysregulation 12 months of age High
0.04 Not statistically significant, p = 0.77 243 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Dysregulation 12 months of age High
0.04 Not statistically significant, p= 0.75 252 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Externalizing behavior 12 months of age High
0.28 Statistically significant, p = 0.03 243 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Externalizing behavior 12 months of age High
0.28 Statistically significant, p= 0.03 252 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Internalizing behavior 12 months of age High
0.12 Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 243 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Internalizing behavior 12 months of age High
0.11 Not statistically significant, p= 0.39 252 infants PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant
Maternal Health
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Maternal GAD-7 anxiety severity score 6 months of age High
0.19 Not statistically significant, p= 0.05 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Maternal PHQ-9 depression severity score 12 months of age High
0.18 Not statistically significant, p= 0.09 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant
Positive Parenting Practices
Outcome Measure Timing of Follow-Up Rating Direction of Effect Effect Size (Absolute Value) Stastical Significance Sample Size Sample Description
Dyadic synchronicity 6 months of age High
0.05 Not statistically significant, p = 0.68 239 mother/child dyads PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Dyadic synchronicity 12 months of age High
0.21 Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 225 mother/child dyads PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Dyadic synchronicity 6 months of age High
0.00 Not statistically significant, p= 0.98 252 mother/child dyads PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Dyadic synchronicity 12 months of age High
0.19 Not statistically significant, p= 0.15 252 mother/child dyads PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Maternal confidence 6 months of age High
0.23 Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 244 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Maternal confidence 12 months of age High
0.11 Not statistically significant, p = 0.38 243 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Maternal confidence 6 months of age High
0.12 Not statistically significant, p= 0.10 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Maternal confidence 12 months of age High
0.05 Not statistically significant, p= 0.52 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Parenting sensitivity 6 months of age High
0.30 Statistically significant, p = 0.02 238 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Parenting sensitivity 12 months of age High
0.32 Statistically significant, p = 0.02 225 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Parenting sensitivity 6 months of age High
0.25 Statistically significant, p= 0.05 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Parenting sensitivity 12 months of age High
0.26 Statistically significant, p= 0.03 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Understanding of toddlers 6 months of age High
0.38 Statistically significant, p = 0.00 244 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Understanding of toddlers 12 months of age High
0.64 Statistically significant, p = 0.00 243 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Understanding of toddlers 6 months of age High
0.21 Statistically significant, p= 0.03 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Understanding of toddlers 12 months of age High
0.45 Statistically significant, p <0.001 252 mothers PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample
Effect rating key
Favorable finding / Statistically significant
Unfavorable finding / Statistically significant
Ambiguous finding / Statistically significant
No effect / Not statistically significant

This study included participants with the following characteristics at enrollment:

Race/Ethnicity

The race and ethnicity categories may sum to more than 100 percent if Hispanic ethnicity was reported separately or respondents could select two or more race or ethnicity categories.

Black or African American
18%
Hispanic or Latino
47%
White
66%
Two or more races
10%
Unknown
7%

Maternal Education

Less than a high school diploma
25%
High school diploma or GED
75%

Other Characteristics

Enrollment in means-tested programs
93%

This study included participants from the following locations:

  • Washington
Study Participants

Study participants were pregnant women and mothers of children younger than 3 months old recruited from two community mental health programs in King County, Washington. Mothers were eligible to participate in the study if they received mental health services during pregnancy at one of the community programs, spoke English or Spanish, had access to a telephone, and were planning to stay in the area for the duration of the follow-up period. Mother-child dyads were randomly assigned to the intervention group or a comparison group. A total of 252 mother-child dyads were included in the study: 127 in the Promoting First Relationships intervention group and 125 in the comparison group.

Over half (58 percent) of the participating children were Caucasian, 15 percent were Black, 23 percent were multiracial, and 4 percent were another race. Most children in the study (53 percent) were Hispanic or Latino. Annual household income was $10,000 or less for 29 percent of dyads; $10,001 to $20,000 for 21 percent; $20,001 to $30,000 for 19 percent; $30,001 to $40,000 for 13 percent; and $40,001 or more for 11 percent. The remaining households did not report income.

Setting

The study took place in Seattle and King County, Washington.

Comparison Conditions

Families assigned to the comparison group were not eligible to receive services through Promoting First Relationships. Families received a packet of information including handouts on child development and parenting and a list of local resources.

Subgroups examined

There were no subgroups reported in the manuscript.

Author Affiliation

The authors are affiliated with the Barnard Center at the University of Washington, which sponsors Promoting First Relationships. Monica Oxford, one of the authors of the study, is the executive director of Promoting First Relationships.

Funding Sources

Not reported.