Michalopoulos, C., Faucetta, K., Hill, C. J., Portilla, X., Burrell, L., Lee, H., Duggan, A., & Knox, V. (2019). Impacts on family outcomes of evidence-based early childhood home visiting: Results from the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (OPRE Report 2019-07). [Study 4-PAT contrast]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/mihope_impac…
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score | 15 months old | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.31 | 740 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.37 | 740 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.63 | 740 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition (PLS-5), auditory comprehension subtest | 15 months old | High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.20 | 614 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition (PLS-5), auditory comprehension subtest, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.25 | 614 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition (PLS-5), auditory comprehension subtest, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.39 | 614 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Medicaid-paid child emergency department visits | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.93 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Number of Medicaid-paid child emergency department visits, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.94 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Number of Medicaid-paid child emergency department visits, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.43 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Number of Medicaid-paid well-child visits | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.98 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Number of Medicaid-paid well-child visits, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.82 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Number of Medicaid-paid well-child visits, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.66 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health insurance coverage for the child (%) | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.76 | 892 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Health insurance coverage for the child (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.78 | 892 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Health insurance coverage for the child (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.40 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.84 | 892 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Receiving education or training (%) | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.36 | 725 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Receiving education or training (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.33 | 725 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Receiving education or training (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.24 | 725 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New pregnancy after study entry (%) | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.80 | 717 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| New pregnancy after study entry (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.81 | 717 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| New pregnancy after study entry (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.48 | 717 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness | 15 months old | High | 0.17 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 | 617 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | 0.17 | Statistically significant, p= 0.05 | 617 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.06 | 617 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Medicaid-paid health care encounter for injury or ingestion (%) | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.38 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Any Medicaid-paid health care encounter for injury or ingestion (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not statistically significant, p= 0.56 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | ||
| Any Medicaid-paid health care encounter for injury or ingestion (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.23 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
Participants were eligible for the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) evaluation if they were age 15 or older at enrollment, were pregnant or had a young child, and spoke English or Spanish proficiently.
A total of 945 participants were recruited for the study in Parents as Teachers (PAT) programs and randomly assigned to either the PAT home visiting intervention group (468 participants) or the comparison condition (477 participants).
Outcomes were measured when children were 15 months old.
For the MIHOPE participants recruited through PAT programs, 34 percent of women were White, 30 percent were Hispanic or Latino, 28 percent were Black, and 8 percent were another race. Forty-five percent had less than a high school diploma at study entry.
The study took place in 12 states: California, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin. The evaluation selected 21 local program affiliates that operated Parents as Teachers (PAT) and met program eligibility criteria.
Note: Navigate to the model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the source manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Women assigned to the comparison group were not eligible to receive Parents as Teachers (PAT) services. They received information about other appropriate services in their local community.
None
This research was supported by the Administration for Children and Families, funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under a competitive award, Contract No. HHS-HHSP23320095644WC.
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors? | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low |
Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No |
Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed under Handbook of Procedures and Standards, Version 1 |
The Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) is a national evaluation of the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Program. MIHOPE included four evidence-based home visiting models; this review focuses on Parents as Teachers (PAT) and the findings in Michalopoulos et al. 2019. HomVEE has reviewed additional analyses from the MIHOPE evaluation under Knox & Michalopoulos, 2023. Findings in the manuscript that are pooled across various home visiting models are ineligible for review because HomVEE only reviews findings that isolate the effects of a specific model. Findings from the manuscript about quality of the home environment, receptive language skills, and child maltreatment outcomes related to physical assault or psychological aggression received a rating of indeterminate because HomVEE could not assess whether the measures were reliable according to HomVEE standards. Information on sample sizes and reliability and validity of measures is based on correspondence with the authors.