Black or African American
28%
Michalopoulos, C., Faucetta, K., Hill, C. J., Portilla, X., Burrell, L., Lee, H., Duggan, A., & Knox, V. (2019). Impacts on family outcomes of evidence-based early childhood home visiting: Results from the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (OPRE Report 2019-07). [Study 4-PAT contrast]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/mihope_impac…
Model(s): Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Study Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov
Child Development and School Readiness
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score, fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.31 | 740 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.37 | 740 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.63 | 740 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition (PLS-5), auditory comprehension subtest, fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.20 | 614 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition (PLS-5), auditory comprehension subtest, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.25 | 614 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition (PLS-5), auditory comprehension subtest, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.39 | 614 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
Child Health
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Medicaid-paid child emergency department visits, fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.93 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Number of Medicaid-paid child emergency department visits, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.94 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Number of Medicaid-paid child emergency department visits, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.43 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Number of Medicaid-paid well-child visits, fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.98 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Number of Medicaid-paid well-child visits, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.82 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Number of Medicaid-paid well-child visits, split-sample method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.66 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
Family Economic Self-Sufficiency
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health insurance coverage for the child (%), fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.76 | 892 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Health insurance coverage for the child (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.78 | 892 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Health insurance coverage for the child (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.40 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.84 | 892 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Receiving education or training (%), fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.36 | 725 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Receiving education or training (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.33 | 725 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Receiving education or training (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.24 | 725 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
Maternal Health
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New pregnancy after study entry (%), fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.80 | 717 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| New pregnancy after study entry (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.81 | 717 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| New pregnancy after study entry (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.48 | 717 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
Positive Parenting Practices
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness, fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | Moderate | 0.17 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 | 617 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness, restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | Moderate | 0.17 | Statistically significant, p= 0.05 | 617 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness, split-sample method | 15 months old | Moderate | 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.06 | 617 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
Reductions In Child Maltreatment
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Medicaid-paid health care encounter for injury or ingestion (%), fixed effect random slope method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.38 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Any Medicaid-paid health care encounter for injury or ingestion (%), restricted maximum likelihood method | 15 months old | High | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= 0.56 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample | |
| Any Medicaid-paid health care encounter for injury or ingestion (%), split-sample method | 15 months old | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.23 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample |
This study included participants from the following locations:
- California
- Georgia
- Illinois
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Michigan
- Nevada
- New Jersey
- Pennsylvania
- South Carolina
- Washington
- Wisconsin
Study Participants
- Participants were eligible for the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) evaluation if they were age 15 or older at enrollment, were pregnant or had a young child, and spoke English or Spanish proficiently.
- A total of 963 participants were recruited for the study in PAT programs and randomly assigned to either the PAT home visiting intervention group (486 participants) or the comparison condition (477 participants).
- Fifty-one percent of the mothers recruited through PAT programs were pregnant at the time of enrollment.
- Outcomes were measured when children were approximately 15 months old.
Setting
Researchers recruited families from 21 local PAT programs in 12 U.S. states. The programs mainly operated in metropolitan areas.
Intervention condition
Note: Navigate to the model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the source manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Comparison Conditions
Women assigned to the comparison group were not eligible to receive PAT services. They received information about other services in their local community.
Subgroups examined
None
Funding Sources
This research was supported by the Administration for Children and Families and funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under a competitive award, Contract No. HHS-HHSP23320095644WC.
Study design characteristics contributing to rating
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors? | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low |
Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No |
Yes |
Notes from the review of this manuscript
The Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) was a national evaluation of the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Program. MIHOPE included four evidence-based home visiting models. This review focuses on Parents as Teachers (PAT) and the findings in Michalopoulos et al. (2019). HomVEE has reviewed additional analyses from the MIHOPE evaluation under Knox & Michalopoulos (2023) and McCombs-Thornton et al. (2023). Findings in the manuscript that are pooled across various home visiting models are ineligible for review because HomVEE only reviews findings that isolate the effects of a specific model. Findings from the manuscript about quality of the home environment, receptive language skills, and child maltreatment outcomes related to physical assault or psychological aggression receive a rating of indeterminate because HomVEE could not assess whether the measures were reliable according to HomVEE standards. Information on sample sizes and reliability and validity of measures is based on correspondence with the authors.