Black or African American
28%
Knox, V., & Michalopoulos, C. (2023). Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE), United States, 2012-2019. MIHOPE Model Results Documentation [Study 4-PAT contrast]. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37848.v3.
Model(s): Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Study Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov
Child Development and School Readiness
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Received any early intervention services (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 725 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Use of nonparental child care (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 718 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample |
Child Health
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Medicaid-paid nonbirth hospitalizations (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 895 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| At risk of being overweight (%) | 15-month follow-up | Moderate | 0.30 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 617 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Normal weight (%) | 15-month follow-up | Moderate | 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 617 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Number of Medicaid-paid immunizations | 15-month follow-up | High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 776 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | ||
| Primary care provider for the child (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 752 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Underweight (%) | 15-month follow-up | Moderate | 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 617 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample |
Family Economic Self-Sufficiency
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health insurance coverage for the mother (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 907 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Received any transportation services (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 721 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Received disability insurance during the past month (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 725 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) during the past month (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 724 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Received Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) during the past month (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 724 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Received Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) during the past month (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 722 children | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample |
Maternal Health
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current smoker (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 721 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI-SF), parent-child dysfunctional interaction | 15-month follow-up | High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 724 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | ||
| Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI-SF), parental distress | 15-month follow-up | High | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 724 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | ||
| Received any behavioral health services (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 721 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Substance use during the past three months (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 716 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample |
Reductions In Child Maltreatment
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any substantiated maltreatment report (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 937 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Loss of custody (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 849 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample |
Reductions in Juvenile Delinquency, Family Violence, and Crime
| Outcome Measure | Timing of Follow-Up | Rating | Direction of Effect | Effect Size (Absolute Value) | Stastical Significance | Sample Size | Sample Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Received any domestic violence services (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 720 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Received any services from a domestic violence shelter (%) | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 721 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), maternal experience with physical or sexual violence | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.28 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 723 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample | |
| Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), maternal perpetration of physical violence | 15-month follow-up | High | 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | 723 mothers | PAT vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012–2014, United States, full sample |
This study included participants from the following locations:
- California
- Georgia
- Illinois
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Michigan
- Nevada
- New Jersey
- Pennsylvania
- South Carolina
- Washington
- Wisconsin
Study Participants
- Participants were eligible for the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) evaluation if they were age 15 or older at enrollment, were pregnant or had a young child, and spoke English or Spanish proficiently.
- A total of 963 participants were recruited for the study in Parents as Teachers (PAT) programs and randomly assigned to either the Parents as Teachers home visiting intervention group (486 participants) or the comparison condition (477 participants).
- Outcomes were measured when children were about 15 months old.
- Just over one-third (34 percent) of the mothers recruited through Parents as Teachers programs were White, 30 percent were Hispanic or Latino, 28 percent were Black, and 8 percent were another race. Forty-five percent had less education than a high school diploma at study entry. Fifty-one percent were pregnant at the time of enrollment.
Setting
Researchers recruited families from 21 local Parents as Teachers programs in 12 U.S. states: California, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin. The programs mainly operated in metropolitan areas.
Intervention condition
Note: Navigate to the model page for more information about the home visiting model. See the source manuscript for more information about how the model was implemented in this study.
Comparison Conditions
Women assigned to the comparison group were not eligible to receive Parents as Teachers services. They received information about other services in their local community.
Subgroups examined
None
Funding Sources
This research was supported by the Administration for Children and Families, funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under a competitive award, Contract No. HHS-HHSP23320095644WC.
Study design characteristics contributing to rating
| Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Confounding factors? | Valid, reliable measures? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Low |
Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No |
Yes |
Notes from the review of this manuscript
The Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) was a national evaluation of the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Program. MIHOPE included four evidence-based home visiting models. This review focuses on Parents as Teachers (PAT) and the findings in Knox & Michalopoulos (2023). HomVEE has reviewed additional analyses from the MIHOPE evaluation under Michalopoulos et al. (2019) and McCombs-Thornton et al. (2023). Findings in the manuscript that are pooled across various home visiting models are ineligible for review because HomVEE only reviews findings that isolate the effects of a specific model. One finding on a measure of any report of child maltreatment was deemed ineligible for review because HomVEE does not review unsubstantiated reports of child maltreatment. Findings from the manuscript about depressive symptoms, health status, food insecurity, women’s experiences with domestic violence, parental intrusiveness, parental negative regard, parental detachment, parental physical abuse, awareness of health and safety hazards, and parental engagement receive a rating of indeterminate because HomVEE could not assess whether the measures were reliable according to HomVEE standards. Findings from the Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment receive a rating of low because the outcome measure does not meet HomVEE standards on reliability. The findings related to duration of breastfeeding receive a rating of low because they have high attrition and do not satisfy the baseline equivalence requirement. Information on sample sizes and reliability and validity of measures is based on correspondence with the authors.