Family Spirit^®

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2022

Effects shown in research

Positive parenting practices

Findings rated high

Barlow, A., Mullany, B., Neault, N., Compton, S., Carter, A., Hastings, R., Billy, T., CohoMescal, V., Lorenzo, S., & Walkup, J. T. (Jan 2013). Effect of a paraprofessional home-visiting intervention on American Indian teen mothers’ and infants’ behavioral risks: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 83-93.

Family Spirit^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
HOME inventory - 12 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Family Spirit RCT, 2006-2008 sample	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 25.92	Adjusted mean = 25.41	Mean difference = 0.51	Study reported = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
HOME inventory - 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months	Family Spirit RCT, 2006-2008 sample	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 22.79	Adjusted mean = 22.75	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
PLOC Parental self-efficacy - 12 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Family Spirit RCT, 2006-2008 sample	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 23.21	Adjusted mean = 24.71	Mean difference = -1.51	Study reported = -0.23	Statistically significant, p = 0.01	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
PLOC Parental self-efficacy - 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months	Family Spirit RCT, 2006-2008 sample	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 22.98	Adjusted mean = 23.83	Mean difference = -0.85	Study reported = -0.13	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Home safety attitudes	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Family Spirit RCT, 2006-2008 sample	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 29.54	Adjusted mean = 28.61	Mean difference = 0.94	Study reported = 0.19	Statistically significant, p = 0.03
Home safety practices	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Family Spirit RCT, 2006-2008 sample	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.56	Adjusted mean = 1.30	Mean difference = 0.26	Study reported = 0.16	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Parenting knowledge	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Family Spirit RCT, 2006-2008 sample	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 15.43	Adjusted mean = 14.08	Mean difference = 1.35	Study reported = 0.33	Statistically significant, p = 0.001

Barlow, A., Mullany, B., Neault, N., Goklish, N., Billy, T., Hastings, R., ... Walkup, J. T. (2015). Paraprofessional-delivered home-visiting intervention for American Indian teen mothers and children: 3-Year outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(2), 154-162.

Family Spirit^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
HOME inventory (range 0-37)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2006-2008 sample, 3 years postpartum	Full	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 31.73	Adjusted mean = 31.63	Mean difference = 0.10	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.77
Parenting knowledge (range 0-30)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2006-2008 sample, 3 years postpartum	Full	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 15.94	Adjusted mean = 14.66	Mean difference = 1.28	Study reported = 0.42	Statistically significant, p < .001
Parenting locus of control (range 27-135)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2006-2008 sample, 3 years postpartum	Full	322 mothers	Adjusted mean = 64.34	Adjusted mean = 66.03	Mean difference = -1.69	Study reported = 0.17	Statistically significant, p = 0.02	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.

Findings rated moderate

Walkup, J. T., Barlow, A., Mullany, B. C., Pan, W., Goklish, N., Hasting, R., Cowboy, B., Fields, P., Baker, E. V., Speakman, K., Ginsburg, G., Reid, R. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of a paraprofessional-delivered in-home intervention for young reservation-based American Indian mothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(6), 591-601.

Family Spirit^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Change in maternal involvement - 2 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	125 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.10	Adjusted mean = 1.20	coeff = -0.60	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = >=.10
Change in maternal involvement - 12 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	82 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.00	Adjusted mean = 0.60	coeff = 0.22	HomVEE calculated = 0.15	Not statistically significant, p = >=.10
Change in maternal involvement - 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	115 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.30	Adjusted mean = 1.20	coeff = -0.15	HomVEE calculated = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p = >=.10
Change in parenting knowledge - 12 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	82 mothers	Adjusted mean = 26.60	Adjusted mean = 15.20	coeff = 13.92	HomVEE calculated = 0.86	Statistically significant, p<.01
Change in parenting knowledge - 2 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	125 mothers	Adjusted mean = 3.20	Adjusted mean = 2.60	coeff = 3.10	HomVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Change in parenting knowledge - 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	115 mothers	Adjusted mean = 23.80	Adjusted mean = 12.80	coeff = 13.46	HomVEE calculated = 0.81	Statistically significant, p<.01
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment - 12 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	82 mothers	Adjusted mean = 37.10	Adjusted mean = 37.40	coeff = -0.04	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = >=.10
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment - 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months postpartum	Mothers enrolled 2002-2004	115 mothers	Adjusted mean = 32.50	Adjusted mean = 33.40	coeff = -1.27	HomVEE calculated = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = >=.10

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