Healthy Families America (HFA)^®

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2024

Effects shown in research

Family economic self-sufficiency

Findings rated high

Caldera, D., Burrell, L., Rodriguez, K., Crowne, S. S., Rohde, C., & Duggan, A. (2007). Impact of a statewide home visiting program on parenting and on child health and development. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(8), 829–852. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.008

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Has health care coverage	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 2	Children in custody of biological mother at interview, Alaska trial	249 children	% (adjusted) = 95.00	Adjusted mean % = 90.00	OR = 2.05	HomVEE calculated = 0.45	Statistically significant, p < 0.05

Green, B. L., Sanders, M. B., & Tarte, J. (2017). Using administrative data to evaluate the effectiveness of the Healthy Families Oregon home visiting program: 2–year impacts on child maltreatment & service utilization. Children and Youth Services Review, 75, 77–86.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Number of days on TANF, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 176.10	Unadjusted mean = 169.60	Mean difference = 6.50	HomVEE calculated = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.51	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Number of days on SNAP, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 475.10	Unadjusted mean = 461.20	Mean difference = 13.90	HomVEE calculated = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.20	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Number of days with child care subsidy, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 19.50	Unadjusted mean = 19.80	Mean difference = -0.30	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p = 0.92	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Percentage ever received TANF, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.42	Unadjusted proportion = 0.41	Mean difference = 0.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.56	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Percentage ever received child care subsidy, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Mean difference = -0.01	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.33	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Percentage ever received SNAP, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.85	Unadjusted proportion = 0.82	Mean difference = 0.02	HomVEE calculated = 0.10	Statistically significant, p = 0.01	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Green, B., Sanders, M. B., & Tarte, J. M. (2018). Effects of home visiting program implementation on preventive health care access and utilization: Results from a randomized trial of Healthy Families Oregon. Advance online publication. Prevention Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0964-8

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Percentage of children ever enrolled in Oregon Health Plan	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample	2707 children	Percent = 0.83	Percent = 0.83	Odds ratio = 1.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p= 0.93	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
Total number of days enrolled in Oregon Health Plan (children)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample	2707 children	Days = 519.20	Days = 524.80	Mean difference = -5.60	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p= 0.61

Knox, V., & Michalopoulos, C. (2023). Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE), United States, 2012-2019. MIHOPE Model Results Documentation [Study 2-HFA contrast]. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37848.v3.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Health insurance coverage for the mother	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1391 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = 0.05	HomVEE calculated = 0.18	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported. The study reported this finding was statistically significant (p = 0.01) prior to a multiple comparisons adjustment.
Received any transportation services	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1093 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = -0.02	HomVEE calculated = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported.
Received disability insurance during the past month	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1098 children	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = 0.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported.
Received SNAP during the past month	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1097 children	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = -0.01	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported.
Received TANF during the past month	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1096 children	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = 0.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported.
Received WIC during the past month	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1100 children	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = -0.02	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported.

Landsverk, J., Carrilio, T., Connelly, C. D., Ganger, W., Slymen, D., Newton, R., et al. (2002). Healthy Families San Diego clinical trial: Technical report. San Diego, CA: The Stuart Foundation, California Wellness Foundation, State of California Department of Social Services: Office of Child Abuse Prevention.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
WIC receipt	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 91.00	% = 91.00	= 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
WIC receipt	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 68.00	% = 71.00	= -3.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Adult education	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 23.00	% = 21.00	= 2.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Adult education	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 22.00	% = 21.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child has insurance coverage	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 children	% = 84.20	% = 87.20	= -3.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 This study was assigned a moderate rating for this outcome due to statistically significant differences between the program and comparison groups at baseline.
Child has insurance coverage	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 children	% = 82.40	% = 84.00	= -1.60	HomVEE calculated = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child support enforcement	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 10.00	% = 16.00	= -6.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.33	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Child support enforcement	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 14.00	% = 12.00	= 2.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.11	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Emergency food	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 13.00	% = 9.00	= 4.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.25	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).
Emergency food	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 11.00	% = 8.00	= 3.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.21	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 59.00	% = 58.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 43.00	% = 44.00	= -1.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Homeless shelter	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 2.00	% = 1.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.43	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Homeless shelter	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 1.00	% = 1.00	= 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Legal aid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 7.00	% = 6.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Legal aid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 7.00	% = 4.00	= 3.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.36	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mother earned HS degree or currently enrolled	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 64.00	% = 61.00	= 3.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mother earned HS degree or currently enrolled	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 58.00	% = 59.00	= -1.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mother attended school	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 43.00	% = 40.00	= 3.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mother attended school	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 37.00	% = 28.00	= 9.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.25	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Mother worked	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 49.00	% = 49.00	= 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mother worked	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 69.00	% = 70.00	= -1.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Section 8 housing	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 8.00	% = 11.00	= -3.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.21	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).
Section 8 housing	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 10.00	% = 7.00	= 3.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.24	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Someone in household worked	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 74.00	% = 71.00	= 3.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Someone in household worked	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 84.00	% = 83.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Use of respite care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 3.00	% = 1.00	= 2.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.68	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Use of respite care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 2.00	% = 1.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.43	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Welfare receipt	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, San Diego trial	435 families	% = 62.00	% = 63.00	= -1.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Welfare receipt	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 3	Full sample, San Diego trial	412 families	% = 43.00	% = 46.00	= -3.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

LeCroy, C. W., & Lopez, D. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of healthy families: 6-month and 1-year follow-up. Prevention science, 21(1), 25-35. https://doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0931-4

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Job training or employment	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months	HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample	199 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.49	Unadjusted proportion = 0.52	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p= 0.54

Michalopoulos, C., Faucetta, K., Hill, C. J., Portilla, X., Burrell, L., Lee, H., Duggan, A., & Knox, V. (2019). Impacts on family outcomes of evidence-based early childhood home visiting: Results from the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (OPRE Report 2019-07). [Study 2-HFA contrast]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/mihope_impac….

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Health insurance coverage for the child, % (fixed effect random slope analysis)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1370 children	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = -0.01	Not available	Not statistically significant, p= 0.51
Health insurance coverage for the child, % (restricted maximum likelihood analysis)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1370 children	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = -0.01	Not available	Not statistically significant, p= 0.45
Health insurance coverage for the child, % (split-sample analysis)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1370 children	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = -0.01	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p= 0.39
Receiving education or training, % (fixed effect random slope analysis)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1102 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = 0.02	Not available	Not statistically significant, p= 0.49
Receiving education or training, % (restricted maximum likelihood analysis)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1102 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = 0.02	Not available	Not statistically significant, p= 0.52
Receiving education or training, % (split-sample analysis)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 months old	HFA vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States, full sample	1102 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	Difference = 0.02	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p= 0.43

Duggan, A. K., McFarlane, E. C., Windham, A. M., Rohde, C. A., Salkever, D. S., Fuddy, L., et al. (1999). Evaluation of Hawaii’s Healthy Start program. Future of Children, 9(1), 66–90; discussion 177–178.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Mother earned HS degree or in school	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 81.00	% = 80.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mother earned HS degree or in school	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 2	Full sample, Hawaii trial	567 mothers	% = 82.00	% = 81.00	= 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Someone in household worked	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, Hawaii trial	564 mothers	% = 68.00	% = 70.00	= -2.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Someone in household worked	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 2	Full sample, Hawaii trial	567 mothers	% = 77.00	% = 75.00	= 2.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

LeCroy, C. W., & Krysik, J. (2011). Randomized trial of the Healthy Families Arizona home visiting program. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1761–1766.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
School or training for mother	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Arizona sample	171 mothers	Mean % = 35.20	Mean % = 6.80	Mean difference = 0.28	HomVEE calculated = 1.19	Statistically significant, p = 0.01

Findings rated moderate

Anisfeld, E., Sandy, J., & Guterman, N. B. (2004). Best Beginnings: A randomized controlled trial of a paraprofessional home visiting program: Technical report. Report to the Smith Richardson Foundation and New York State Office of Children and Family Services. New York: Columbia University School of Social Work.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Increased education by year or more since baseline	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Program group families not affected by substance abuse, NY Best Beginnings trial	512 families	% = 18.40	% = 7.40	OR = 2.50	HomVEE calculated = 0.63	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Receipt of public assistance	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Program group families not affected by substance abuse, NY Best Beginnings trial	512 families	Not available	Not available	Beta = 0.02	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Study reports results using a standardized partial regression coefficient.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Number of days with employment services, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 98.90	Unadjusted mean = 94.40	Mean difference = 4.50	HomVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Percentage ever received employment services, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012	2707 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.31	Unadjusted proportion = 0.30	Mean difference = 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.77	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Percentage of parents ever enrolled in Oregon Health Plan	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample	2707 parents	Percent = 0.84	Percent = 0.84	Odds ratio = 1.03	HomVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p= 0.77	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
Total number of days enrolled in Oregon Health Plan (parents)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years	Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample	2707 parents	Days = 381.40	Days = 380.10	Mean difference = 1.30	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p= 0.62

Johns Hopkins University. (2005). Evaluation of the Healthy Families Alaska program. Report to Alaska State Department of Health and Social Services, Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority. Baltimore, MD: Author.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Household income above poverty level	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 2	Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial	249 mothers	% = 55.00	% = 56.00	OR = 0.97	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Household member employed	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 2	Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial	249 mothers	% = 86.00	% = 87.00	OR = 0.90	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Mitchell-Herzfeld, S., Izzo, C., Greene, R., Lee, E., & Lowenfels, A. (2005). Evaluation of Healthy Families New York (HFNY): First year program impacts. Albany, NY: University at Albany, Center for Human Services Research.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Child has health insurance	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, NY Trial	1061 children	% = 93.90	% = 90.40	= 3.50	HomVEE calculated = 0.30	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Education appropriate for age	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, NY trial	1061 families	% = 57.50	% = 60.30	= -2.80	HomVEE calculated = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Family received TANF	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, NY trial	1061 families	% = 35.00	% = 30.40	= 4.60	HomVEE calculated = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Family received WIC	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, NY trial	1061 families	% = 74.80	% = 72.20	= 2.60	HomVEE calculated = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Family received 50% income from work	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, NY trial	1061 families	% = 51.20	% = 56.60	= -5.40	HomVEE calculated = -0.13	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Mother employed	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, NY trial	1061 families	% = 40.80	% = 47.60	= 6.80	HomVEE calculated = -0.17	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Mother has health insurance	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Year 1	Full sample, NY Trial	1061 mothers	% (adjusted) = 80.10	Adjusted mean % = 78.40	= 1.70	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Jacobs, F., Easterbrooks, M. A., Goldberg, J., Mistry, J., Bumgarner, E., Raskin, M., Fosse, N., & Fauth, R. (2015). Improving adolescent parenting: Results from a randomized controlled trial of a home visiting program for young families. American Journal of Public Health, published online ahead of print, e1-e7.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Completed at least 1 year of college - 2 years	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years post enrollment	MA sample	604 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	OR = 1.92	HomVEE calculated = 0.39	Statistically significant, p < 0.01
High school diploma or equivalent - 2 years	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years post enrollment	MA sample	604 mothers	Not reported	Not reported	OR = 0.87	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52

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Healthy Families America (HFA)®

Effects shown in research

Family economic self-sufficiency

Findings rated high

Findings rated moderate

Healthy Families America (HFA)^®