footnote56
Child’s response to a caregiver who is teaching him/her a new skill.
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2020
Effects shown in research
Positive parenting practices
Findings rated high
158
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Response Score NCAST | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | Children in custody of biological mother at year 2 follow-up interview, Alaska trial | 249 children | Adjusted mean = 18.40 | Adjusted mean = 18.50 | Mean difference = -0.90 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Mean = 5.60 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
| Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | Mean = 5.40 | Mean = 5.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
| Maternal acceptance of child’s behavior (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | Mean = 3.20 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Mean = 9.30 | Mean = 9.20 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Statistical signifivance not reported |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | Mean = 9.30 | Mean = 8.90 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | Mean = 4.80 | Mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
| Maternal responsivity to child (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 0.18 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 37.10 | Mean = 35.90 | Mean difference = 1.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 40.30 | Mean = 39.80 | Mean difference = 0.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 17.30 | Mean = 16.80 | Mean difference = 0.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 16.60 | Mean = 16.40 | Mean difference = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Nonviolent discipline (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 99.50 | = 0.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Nonviolent discipline (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | % = 95.50 | % = 95.50 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Quality of home environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 mothers | Mean = 35.60 | Mean = 35.20 | Mean difference = 0.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Quality of home environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 mothers | Mean = 40.10 | Mean = 40.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 39.80 | Unadjusted mean = 39.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.85 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Home environment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 42.80 | Unadjusted mean = 39.90 | Mean difference = 2.90 | Study reported = 0.47 | Statistically significant, p= 0.00 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Affective processes |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 17.40 | Unadjusted mean = 15.00 | Mean difference = 2.40 | Study reported = 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.15 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Anger |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.39 | Unadjusted mean = 0.41 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.70 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Cause |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.10 | Unadjusted mean = 1.30 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Study reported = 0.39 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Certainty |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.40 | Unadjusted mean = 0.82 | Mean difference = 0.58 | Study reported = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.08 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Cognitive mechanism |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 16.40 | Unadjusted mean = 13.40 | Mean difference = 3.00 | Study reported = 0.44 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Feeling expression |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.60 | Unadjusted mean = 0.77 | Mean difference = 0.83 | Study reported = 0.50 | Statistically significant, p= 0.00 |
|
Linguistic dimension - First person |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.70 | Unadjusted mean = 3.30 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.60 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Future |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.18 | Unadjusted mean = 0.20 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.81 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Insight |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.20 | Unadjusted mean = 2.20 | Mean difference = 1.00 | Study reported = 0.33 | Statistically significant, p= 0.05 |
Authors reported this finding as statistically significant. |
Linguistic dimension - Negative valanced |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.90 | Unadjusted mean = 2.80 | Mean difference = -0.90 | Study reported = 0.29 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.08 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Linguistic dimension - Past |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.94 | Unadjusted mean = 1.65 | Mean difference = -0.71 | Study reported = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.10 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Perceptual process |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 4.20 | Unadjusted mean = 2.90 | Mean difference = 1.30 | Study reported = 0.33 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Positive valanced |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 15.30 | Unadjusted mean = 12.00 | Mean difference = 3.30 | Study reported = 0.37 | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Present |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 17.00 | Unadjusted mean = 14.60 | Mean difference = 2.40 | Study reported = 0.34 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Sad |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.78 | Unadjusted mean = 1.50 | Mean difference = -0.72 | Study reported = 0.42 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Linguistic dimension -Anxiety |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.20 | Unadjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.33 | Study reported = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.35 |
|
Mother's reading to child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 4.10 | Unadjusted mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.38 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
Parent efficacy |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 26.20 | Unadjusted mean = 25.80 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.47 |
|
Parent/child behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 46.00 | Unadjusted mean = 44.90 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.13 |
|
Reduced chaotic household |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.20 | Unadjusted mean = 1.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = 0.29 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Regular routines |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.80 | Unadjusted mean = 1.60 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.36 | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
|
Role satisfaction |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 25.70 | Unadjusted mean = 26.90 | Mean difference = -1.20 | Study reported = -0.33 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.06 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Learning environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 35.20 | Mean = 35.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Learning environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 34.60 | Mean = 34.10 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 12.80 | Mean = 12.70 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother-child interaction, Caregiver total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 15.00 | Mean = 14.60 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 6.80 | Mean = 6.50 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother-child interaction, Child total score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 7.20 | Mean = 7.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parenting efficacy (PSOC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | Mean = 75.20 | Mean = 74.40 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parenting efficacy (PSOC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | Mean = 76.10 | Mean = 74.10 | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother relinquished role (child lived separately from mother for one month or more) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1 and 2 | Full sample, Alaska trial | 322 families | % = 18.00 | % = 16.00 | OR = 1.19 | HomVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggressive discipline | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 1.44 | Mean = 1.83 | Mean difference = -0.39 | HomVEE calculated = -2.43 | Not statistically significant, p =0.10 |
| Belief in corporal punishment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 2.25 | Mean = 2.15 | Mean difference = 0.10 | HomVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p =0.12 |
| Belief in corporal punishment (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 2.21 | Mean = 2.23 | Mean difference = -0.02 | HomVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p =0.63 |
| Inappropriate expectations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 3.05 | Mean = 2.88 | Mean difference = 0.17 | HomVEE calculated = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p =0.10 |
| Inappropriate expectations (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 2.77 | Mean = 2.77 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p =0.91 |
| Lack of empathy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 1.95 | Mean = 1.94 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.54 |
| Lack of empathy (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 1.80 | Mean = 1.78 | Mean difference = 0.02 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p =0.91 |
| Mother's reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 2.26 | Mean = 2.22 | Mean difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p =0.85 |
| Mother's reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 2.46 | Mean = 2.72 | Mean difference = -0.26 | HomVEE calculated = -1.62 | Not statistically significant, p =0.28 |
| Never called name, cursed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 96.40 | Mean % = 94.10 | Mean difference = 2.30 | HomVEE calculated = 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p =0.33 |
| Never hit elsewhere | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 98.80 | Mean % = 96.50 | Mean difference = 2.30 | HomVEE calculated = 0.68 | Not statistically significant, p =0.28 |
| Never pinched child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 98.80 | Mean % = 94.10 | Mean difference = 4.70 | HomVEE calculated = 1.12 | Not statistically significant, p =0.15 |
| Never shouted, yelled at child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 50.60 | Mean % = 34.10 | Mean difference = 16.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.43 | Statistically significant, p =0.02 |
| Never slapped hand | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 56.60 | Mean % = 38.80 | Mean difference = 17.80 | HomVEE calculated = 0.42 | Statistically significant, p =0.03 |
| Never slapped on face | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 100.00 | Mean % = 97.60 | Mean difference = 2.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.99 |
| Never smacked/threatened, hit | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 69.50 | Mean % = 63.50 | Mean difference = 6.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p =0.30 |
| Never spanked | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 71.10 | Mean % = 65.80 | Mean difference = 5.30 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p =0.19 |
| Never threw object at child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean % = 100.00 | Mean % = 98.80 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.32 |
| Oppressing child's independence | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = | Mean = 3.32 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.68 |
| Oppressing child's independence (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 3.62 | Mean = 3.58 | Mean difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p =0.06 |
| Reversing roles | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 2.60 | Mean = 2.47 | Mean difference = 0.13 | HomVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p =0.32 |
| Reversing roles (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = | Mean = 2.25 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p =0.33 |
| Safety practices | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 168 mothers | Mean = 17.96 | Mean = 17.07 | Mean difference = 0.89 | HomVEE calculated = 1.17 | Not statistically significant, p =0.42 |
| Safety practices | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months | Arizona sample | 180 mothers | Mean = 17.95 | Mean = 16.05 | Mean difference = 1.90 | HomVEE calculated = 3.00 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Findings rated moderate
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver contingency score (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 15.40 | Adjusted mean = 15.00 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Cognitive growth fostering (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.80 | Adjusted mean = 11.90 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Infant caregiving (AAPI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 112.10 | Adjusted mean = 109.50 | Mean difference = 2.60 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Maternal self-efficacy (Teti scale) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 35.10 | Adjusted mean = 34.60 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Parenting attitudes (AAPI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 130.00 | Adjusted mean = 125.60 | Mean difference = 4.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parenting knowledge (KIDI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 73.50 | Adjusted mean = 70.70 | Mean difference = 2.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Quality of home environment (HOME) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 36.70 | Adjusted mean = 35.90 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Recognition of child developmental delay | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | % = 20.00 | % = 24.00 | Not reported | HomVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Response to distress (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.20 | Adjusted mean = 8.90 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Sensitivity to cues (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.40 | Adjusted mean = 9.20 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Social-emotional growth fostering (NCAST) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.00 | Adjusted mean = 8.80 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change in father’s engagement score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | All families | 600 families | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.97 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Change in father’s responsibility score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | All families | 600 families | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Father has daily contact with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | All families | 600 families | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.12 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family Involvement Questionnaire - Home-Based Involvement |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
373 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 22.16 | Unadjusted mean = 21.74 | Mean difference = 0.42 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Family Involvement Questionnaire - Home-School Conferencing |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
388 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 20.18 | Unadjusted mean = 19.34 | Mean difference = 0.84 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Family Involvement Questionnaire: School-Based Involvement |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
341 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 13.30 | Unadjusted mean = 13.28 | Mean difference = 0.02 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory Corporal Punishment Subscale (AAPI-CP) Score - full sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 763 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.89 | Adjusted mean = 1.97 | Mean difference = -0.08 | HomVEE calculated = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
| Number of times in last month parent read to child - full sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.74 | Adjusted mean = 4.43 | Mean difference = 0.31 | HomVEE calculated = 0.26 | Statistically significant, p = 0.00 | |
| Parent-Child Activities Scale (PCAS) score - full sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.84 | Adjusted mean = 4.73 | Mean difference = 0.11 | HomVEE calculated = 0.15 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 | |
| Protective Factors Survey (PFS) - Family Functioning Subscale - full sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child's 1st birthday | HF Oregon 2010-2012 | 764 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.16 | Adjusted mean = 4.15 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Father contact with child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.85 | Unadjusted mean = 0.84 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.86 |
|
Home environment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 43.50 | Unadjusted mean = 41.80 | Mean difference = 1.70 | Study reported = 0.32 | Statistically significant, p= 0.04 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Affective processes |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 18.90 | Unadjusted mean = 18.10 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.67 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Anger |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.57 | Unadjusted mean = 0.52 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.84 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Cause |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.90 | Unadjusted mean = 1.20 | Mean difference = 1.70 | Study reported = 0.50 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Certainty |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.20 | Unadjusted mean = 1.90 | Mean difference = -0.70 | Study reported = -0.26 | Statistically significant, p= 0.03 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Cognitive mechanism |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 16.50 | Unadjusted mean = 13.40 | Mean difference = 3.10 | Study reported = 0.42 | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Feeling expression |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.00 | Unadjusted mean = 0.81 | Mean difference = 1.19 | Study reported = 0.39 | Statistically significant, p= 0.02 |
|
Linguistic dimension - First person |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.10 | Unadjusted mean = 1.80 | Mean difference = 1.30 | Study reported = 0.34 | Statistically significant, p= 0.00 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Future |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.22 | Unadjusted mean = 0.13 | Mean difference = 0.09 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.55 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Insight |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.70 | Unadjusted mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.28 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.12 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Negative valanced |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.59 | Unadjusted mean = 1.50 | Mean difference = -0.91 | Study reported = 0.54 | Statistically significant, p= 0.03 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Linguistic dimension - Past |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.65 | Unadjusted mean = 0.61 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.87 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Perceptual process |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.50 | Unadjusted mean = 3.10 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.50 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Positive valanced |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 17.10 | Unadjusted mean = 16.20 | Mean difference = 0.90 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.63 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Present |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 17.80 | Unadjusted mean = 16.70 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.37 |
|
Linguistic dimension - Sad |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.56 | Unadjusted mean = 0.67 | Mean difference = -0.11 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.64 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Linguistic dimension -Anxiety |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.17 | Unadjusted mean = 0.30 | Mean difference = -0.13 | Study reported = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.44 |
|
Mobilizing resources |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 24.60 | Unadjusted mean = 22.20 | Mean difference = 2.40 | Study reported = 0.43 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
Mother's reading to child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 3.90 | Unadjusted mean = 4.00 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.53 |
|
Parent/child behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 46.00 | Unadjusted mean = 45.10 | Mean difference = 0.90 | Study reported = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.21 |
|
Personal care |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 19.20 | Unadjusted mean = 18.70 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.38 |
|
Problem solving |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 24.60 | Unadjusted mean = 23.80 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.20 |
|
Reduced chaotic household |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.80 | Unadjusted mean = 1.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.95 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Regular routines |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.40 | Unadjusted mean = 2.20 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.18 |
|
Safety practices |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.70 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.53 | Mean difference = 0.17 | Study reported = 0.17 | Statistically significant, p= 0.01 |
|
Social support |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 21.60 | Unadjusted mean = 20.60 | Mean difference = 1.00 | Study reported = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.26 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitudes: Empathy (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 37.12 | Adjusted mean = 36.64 | Mean difference = 0.48 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Attitudes: Inappropriate expectations (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 19.11 | Adjusted mean = 18.83 | Mean difference = 0.28 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Attitudes: Physical punishment (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 38.43 | Adjusted mean = 38.01 | Mean difference = 0.42 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Attitudes: Power/independence (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 19.39 | Adjusted mean = 19.40 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Attitudes: Role reversal (AAPI-2) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | Adjusted mean = 23.59 | Adjusted mean = 23.24 | Mean difference = 0.35 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Child safety checklist | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1060 mothers | % = 86.10 | % = 85.90 | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitudes toward corporal punishment (AAPI) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 20.50 | Adjusted mean = 10.10 | Mean difference = 0.38 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Poor caregiver interaction, (NCAST score = 35) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 17.00 | % = 21.00 | OR = 0.79 | HomVEE calculated = -0.16 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Poor quality home environment (HOME score = 33) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 20.00 | % = 31.00 | OR = 0.51 | HomVEE calculated = -0.36 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Total AAPI score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 130.00 | Adjusted mean = 125.60 | Mean difference = 4.47 | Not available | Not Statistically significant, p >: 0.05 |