Love, J., Kisker, E., Ross, C., Schochet, P., Brooks-Gunn, J., Boller, K., et al. (2001). Building their futures: How Early Head Start programs are enhancing the lives of infants and toddlers in low-income families. Summary report. Report to Commissioner’s Office of Research and Evaluation, Head Start Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, and Department of Health and Human Services. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.
Model(s) Reviewed:
Early Head Start—Home-based option
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 1 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Established on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status; Established on many relevant outcomes | None | None | Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021 |
Notes:
The study expressed some effect sizes as a percentage of the standard deviation. To be consistent with other studies, HomVEE divided the study-reported effect size by 100 and rounded to two decimal places.
This study received a mixed rating. Outcomes from the 24-month parent interview have low attrition and receive a high rating, except parent’s overall health and maternal depression outcomes, which were assessable at baseline but did not demonstrate baseline equivalence and were not controlled, and therefore rate moderate. Outcomes from the Parent Services Interview had low attrition, but baseline equivalence for race/ethnicity and SES was not established on the analytic sample, so these outcomes rate moderate. Outcomes from the Child Assessment (Bayley) and Parent/Child Interactions have high attrition and were not assessable at baseline, so those outcomes receive a moderate rating.
| Study participants | This study relies on data from a randomized controlled trial of 17 Early Head Start (EHS) programs that began in 1995. Seven of the programs served clients through a home-based option (though other clients in other EHS options also received home visits) and are the focus of this report (EHS-HBO). The study randomly assigned 1,385 families, who applied to those 7 programs, either to receive home-based EHS or a comparison condition. This study included outcomes reported for the 2-year-old follow-up (other years of follow-up are reported in separate studies). For this follow-up, 966 parents (500 in EHS-HBO and 466 in the comparison group) provided data for parent interviews. Among parent interview participants, 45 percent were white, 25 percent were black, and 27 percent were Hispanic. One in four parents had more than a high school education, and one in 10 were in families living above the poverty line; one-third to one-half of families were receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or Food Stamps. |
|---|---|
| Setting | The study was conducted in 17 EHS programs throughout the United States, including 7 programs with home-based options, which are the focus of this report. Four programs were located in urban areas, and three programs were located in rural areas. The seven programs represented a mix of implementation timing; one early implementer had all EHS-HBO elements in place by 1997, and three later implementers had all elements in place by 1999; three programs did not have all elements in place by 1999. The early-implementing program had fully implemented both child and family development services early and continued to have those services in place in 1999. |
| Intervention services | EHS-HBO services are intended to be delivered to study families via weekly home visits. Seventy percent of families in these programs received weekly visits during at least one of the first two follow-up periods, and 26 percent received such services throughout both periods. Over the first two years, families in the home-based option received an average of 71 visits. Typical home visits are at least one hour long. Topics for home visits included child growth and development, child play activities, housing issues, and parent-child communication. |
| Comparison conditions | Control group families could not receive EHS-HBO services, but could receive other services available in their community. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). Subgroups are not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
| Funding sources | Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Child Outcomes Research and Evaluation team (CORE)within ACF’s Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation (OPRE), and the Head Start Bureau in the Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF) |
| Author affiliation | None of the study authors are developers of this model. |
| Peer reviewed | Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | CBCL – Aggression | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 10.40 | Adjusted mean = 10.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Average MacArthur CDI – Sentence Complexity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 8.50 | Adjusted mean = 7.80 | Mean difference = 0.70 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | MacArthur CDI – Vocabulary Production | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 56.40 | Adjusted mean = 53.50 | Mean difference = 2.90 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage MacArthur CDI combining words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 77.30 | Adjusted mean = 75.60 | Mean difference = 1.70 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage with sentence complexity <2 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 28.30 | Adjusted mean = 30.20 | Mean difference = -1.90 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage with vocabulary production <25 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 11.30 | Adjusted mean = 11.20 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 91.60 | Adjusted mean = 90.50 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Moderate | Bayley BRS – Emotional Regulation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Bayley BRS – Orientation/Engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Negativity Toward Parent | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Sustained Attention with Objects | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 5.10 | Adjusted mean = 5.00 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage with MDI < 100 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 73.00 | Adjusted mean = 71.90 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage with MDI < 85 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 31.50 | Adjusted mean = 32.50 | Mean difference = -1.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Any child health services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 99.10 | % = 99.60 | = -0.50 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Any dentist visits | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 10.70 | % = 10.80 | = -0.10 | HomVEE calculated = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Any doctor visits | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 93.60 | % = 93.40 | = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Any emergency room visits | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 41.30 | % = 43.20 | = -1.90 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Any immunizations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 96.30 | % = 97.90 | = -1.60 | HomVEE calculated = -0.35 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Any screening tests | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 52.40 | % = 49.40 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Average hours per week employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | Adjusted mean = 12.70 | Adjusted mean = 13.80 | Mean difference = -1.10 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Average hours per week in any employment, education, or training activity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | Adjusted mean = 17.80 | Adjusted mean = 17.70 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Average hours per week in education or training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.90 | Adjusted mean = 3.70 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Study reported = -0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| Moderate | Employed: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 36.00 | % = 39.20 | = -3.20 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employed: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 39.80 | % = 46.40 | = -6.60 | Study reported = 0.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Employed: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 46.80 | % = 51.00 | = -4.20 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employed: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 52.20 | % = 53.00 | = -0.80 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employed: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 57.10 | % = 60.80 | = -3.70 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employment, education, or training: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 53.00 | % = 52.90 | = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employment, education, or training: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 57.90 | % = 59.90 | = -2.00 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employment, education, or training: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 62.50 | % = 59.90 | = -1.50 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employment, education, or training: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 65.30 | % = 64.00 | = 1.90 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Employment, education, or training: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 69.30 | % = 63.40 | = -1.20 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Ever employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 66.90 | % = 69.60 | = -2.70 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Ever employed or in education/training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 79.20 | % = 80.20 | = -1.00 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Ever in ESL class (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 2.30 | % = 0.70 | = 1.60 | Study reported = -0.15 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Ever in education or training (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 45.50 | % = 39.60 | = 6.30 | Study reported = -0.12 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Ever in high school (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 11.50 | % = 6.20 | = 5.30 | Study reported = -0.18 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| Moderate | Ever in vocational program (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 12.70 | % = 8.50 | = -6.80 | Study reported = -0.15 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Ever received AFDC or TANF | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 54.10 | % = 52.60 | Not reported = -1.50 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Ever received food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 66.00 | % = 64.20 | = 1.80 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Ever received welfare | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 75.30 | % = 69.60 | = 2.70 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Have GED | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 8.20 | % = 9.00 | = -0.80 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Have high school diploma | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 46.50 | % = 45.90 | = 0.60 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | In education or training: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 24.50 | % = 23.30 | = 1.20 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | In education or training: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 28.90 | % = 24.60 | = 4.30 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | In education or training: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 29.50 | % = 26.70 | = 2.80 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | In education or training: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 28.20 | % = 22.60 | = 5.60 | Study reported = -0.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | In education or training: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 30.50 | % = 23.60 | = 6.90 | Study reported = -0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Income above poverty line, (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 30.50 | Adjusted mean % = 29.70 | Mean difference = 30.80 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Received AFDC or TANF: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 43.20 | % = 40.40 | = 2.80 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Received AFDC or TANF: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 42.60 | % = 43.00 | = -0.40 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Received AFDC or TANF: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 47.00 | % = 44.50 | = 2.50 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Received AFDC or TANF: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 39.20 | % = 39.50 | = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Received AFDC or TANF: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 37.80 | % = 38.80 | = -1.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Total AFDC or TANF benefits ($) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1967.80 | Adjusted mean = 1927.50 | Mean difference = 49.30 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Total food stamps benefits ($) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1435.80 | Adjusted mean = 1400.90 | Mean difference = 34.90 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Total welfare benefits ($) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4141.40 | Adjusted mean = 3911.70 | Mean difference = 229.70 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Any education-related services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 83.40 | % = 45.20 | = 38.20 | Study reported = 1.09 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | |
| Moderate | Any employment-related services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 71.60 | % = 32.60 | = 39.00 | Study reported = 1.00 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | |
| Moderate | Any family health services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 97.60 | % = 98.20 | = -0.60 | Study reported = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Any family mental health services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 19.70 | % = 18.40 | = 1.30 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Housing assistance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 55.60 | % = 54.20 | = 1.40 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Identification of child’s disability | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 5.10 | % = 2.50 | = 2.60 | Study reported = 0.45 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Services for child with disability | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 3.80 | % = 1.70 | = 2.10 | Study reported = 0.50 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Transportation assistance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 7 to 16 months after assignment | 1,059 mothers | % = 29.80 | % = 20.70 | = 9.10 | Study reported = 0.29 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | FES: Family conflict | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 24 months postpartum | 966 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | PSI Parent-Child dysfunctional interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 24 months postpartum | 966 mothers | Adjusted mean = 17.10 | Adjusted mean = 17.50 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | PSI parental distress | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 24 months postpartum | 966 mothers | Adjusted mean = 25.10 | Adjusted mean = 26.20 | Mean difference = -1.10 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | CIDI short screening scales: Major depression (probability) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 24 months postpartum | 966 mothers | Adjusted mean = 14.70 | Adjusted mean = 12.00 | Mean difference = 2.80 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent’s health status | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 24 months postpartum | 966 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | HOME absence of punitive interactions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | HOME emotional responsivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 6.50 | Adjusted mean = 6.40 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | HOME maternal verbal/social skills | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 2.90 | Adjusted mean = 2.90 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | HOME support of cognitive, language, and literacy environment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 10.30 | Adjusted mean = 10.10 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | HOME total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 26.90 | Adjusted mean = 26.40 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | KIDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Adjusted mean = 3.30 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.17 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | Covers electric outlets (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 61.00 | % = 57.20 | = -3.80 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Has gates or doors in front of stairs (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 72.70 | % = 75.50 | = -2.80 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Has poison control number (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 36.50 | % = 36.40 | = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Has syrup of Ipecac at home (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 30.20 | % = 30.60 | = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Home has working smoke alarm (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 83.20 | % = 83.30 | = -0.01 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Index of discipline severity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 2.50 | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Observed child play area is safe (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 74.60 | % = 74.20 | = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Parent-child activities to stimulate cognitive and language development | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents and children that have regular bedtime routines | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 69.20 | % = 65.10 | = 4.10 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents suggesting only mild responses to the hypothetical conflicts | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 48.00 | % = 45.10 | = 2.90 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that read to child as part of bedtime routine | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 26.00 | % = 19.50 | = 6.50 | Study reported = 0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
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| High | Percentage of parents that read to child daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 55.50 | % = 54.40 | = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that set a regular bedtime for child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 58.70 | % = 54.00 | = 4.70 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Physical punishment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 23.00 | % = 26.10 | = -3.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Prevent or distract | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 69.60 | % = 66.60 | = 3.00 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Remove child or object | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 78.60 | % = 80.40 | = -1.80 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Shout | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 6.00 | % = 3.60 | = 2.40 | Study reported = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Talk and explain | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 34.10 | % = 28.10 | = 6.00 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Threaten or command | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 28.80 | % = 28.20 | = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Reading frequency | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Spanked child in last week (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 49.00 | % = 52.40 | = -3.40 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Uses a car seat (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 81.10 | % = 80.70 | = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Uses guards or gates for windows (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 966 children | % = 52.60 | % = 55.40 | = -2.80 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-child structured play: Negative regard | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.40 | Adjusted mean = 1.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-child structured play: Parent detachment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.40 | Adjusted mean = 1.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-child structured play: Parent intrusiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.80 | Adjusted mean = 1.90 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-child structured play: Parent supportiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 2 | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 3.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |