Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110(3), 486.
Model(s) Reviewed:
Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)®
,
NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 1 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Established for race/ethnicity and SES | None | None | Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021 |
Notes:
Information on sample sizes for this study was received through communication with the authors. HomVEE previously rated 24-month outcomes for nurse home visitors Moderate due to high attrition. Upon further examination, HomVEE noted that the outcomes had low attrition, and therefore they rate High.
This study received a mixed rating. All of the outcomes comparing paraprofessional-visited mothers versus the control condition for the main sample rate high. Outcomes for the low resources subgroup, for both the nurse-visited and paraprofessional-visited versus control comparisons, rate high. In addition, outcomes for the main sample for the nurse-visited versus control comparison at the 21-month follow-up rate high. Due to high attrition, the nurse-visited versus control comparison for the other follow-ups rate moderate.
| Study participants | Women were recruited through 21 antepartum clinics that served low-income pregnant women. Recruitment focused on women who had no previous live births and either qualified for Medicaid or had no private health insurance. From March 1994 through June 1995, 1,178 women were invited to participate and 735 consented and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a control group, nurse home visiting, and paraprofessional home visiting. Randomization was conducted within strata based on maternal race (Hispanic, white, black, American Indian, or Asian), maternal gestational age (less than 32 weeks, 32 weeks or more), and geographic region. This study measures the sample when the children were 6 months to 2 years old. The study sample at the 24-month parent interview included 630 women, 194 in the nurse home visiting program group, 213 in the paraprofessional home visiting program group, and 223 in the comparison group. |
|---|---|
| Setting | Denver, Colorado metropolitan area |
| Intervention services | The study included two program groups: one serviced by paraprofessionals and one serviced by nurses. Women assigned to both groups received developmental screening and referral services for their children and home visits during pregnancy and infancy (until the child was 2 years old). Both groups had the same goals: (1) to improve women’s health-related behavior, (2) to support parents in providing competent care, and (3) to encourage planning future pregnancies and promote education and employment. Paraprofessionals conducted 6.3 home visits on average during pregnancy and 16 visits during infancy. Nurses conducted 6.5 home visits on average during pregnancy and 21 visits during infancy. |
| Comparison conditions | Women in the comparison group received developmental screening and referral services for their children at 6, 12, 15, 21, and 24 months. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Mother has psychological vulnerability (yes or no) • Smoking status (current smoker) |
| Funding sources | The Colorado Trust (93059); a contract with Abt Associates (105–94-1925) under a grant from the Administration for Children and Families (HHS); and a Senior Research Scientist Award to David Olds from the National Institute of Mental Health (K05-MH01382). |
| Author affiliation | David L. Olds, a study author, is a developer of this model. |
| Peer reviewed | Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | PLS-3 (language delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 406 children | % (adjusted) = 6.00 | Adjusted mean % = 12.00 | OR = 0.48 | HomVEE calculated = -0.45 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | PLS-3 (language delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 406 children | % (adjusted) = 6.00 | Adjusted mean % = 12.00 | OR = 0.48 | HomVEE calculated = -0.45 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | PLS-3 (language development) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 406 children | Adjusted mean = 101.22 | Adjusted mean = 99.49 | Mean difference = 1.73 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | PLS-3 (language development) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 406 children | Adjusted mean = 101.22 | Adjusted mean = 99.49 | Mean difference = 1.73 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | CBCL | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 24-month follow-up | 136 children | Adjusted mean = 48.13 | Adjusted mean = 49.25 | Mean difference = -1.12 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | BSID (mental development delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 24-month follow-up | 136 children | = 0.10 | = 0.19 | OR = 0.48 | HomVEE calculated = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report results are not statistically significant, although this appears to be inconsistent with the confidence interval.
|
| High | BSID (mental development index) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 24-month follow-up | 136 children | Adjusted mean = 90.18 | Adjusted mean = 86.20 | Mean difference = 3.98 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
The confidence interval includes 0, but according to the study, the result is statistically significant (α = 0.05).
|
| High | PLS-3 (language delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 21-month follow-up | 142 children | = 0.07 | = 0.18 | OR = 0.32 | HomVEE calculated = -0.65 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | PLS-3 (language development) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 21-month follow-up | 142 children | Adjusted mean = 101.52 | Adjusted mean = 96.85 | Mean difference = 4.67 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | Infant low vitality: anger stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 138 children | = 0.13 | = 0.32 | OR = 0.33 | HomVEE calculated = -0.31 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | Infant low vitality: joy stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 138 children | = 0.24 | = 0.40 | OR = 0.46 | HomVEE calculated = -0.45 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | Infant vulnerability: fear stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 138 children | = 0.12 | = 0.21 | OR = 0.51 | HomVEE calculated = -0.34 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report results are not statistically significant, although this appears to be inconsistent with the confidence interval.
|
| High | Irritable temperament | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 138 children | Adjusted mean = 2.88 | Adjusted mean = 2.92 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | CBCL | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 392 children | Adjusted mean = 45.49 | Adjusted mean = 45.26 | Mean difference = 0.23 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | BSID (mental development delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 392 children | % (adjusted) = 14.00 | Adjusted mean % = 13.00 | OR = 1.07 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | BSID (Mental Developmental Index) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 392 children | Adjusted mean = 89.45 | Adjusted mean = 89.38 | Mean difference = 0.07 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | PLS-3 (language delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 420 children | % (adjusted) = 11.00 | Adjusted mean % = 12.00 | OR = 0.90 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | PLS-3 (language development) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 420 children | Adjusted mean = 99.89 | Adjusted mean = 99.49 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Irritable temperament (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 377 children | Adjusted mean = 2.83 | Adjusted mean = 2.84 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Low vitality: anger stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 377 children | % (adjusted) = 26.00 | Adjusted mean % = 28.00 | OR = 0.89 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Low vitality: joy stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 377 children | % (adjusted) = 31.00 | Adjusted mean % = 34.00 | OR = 0.88 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Vulnerable: fear stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 377 children | % (adjusted) = 18.00 | Adjusted mean % = 25.00 | OR = 0.67 | HomVEE calculated = -0.25 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | CBCL | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 24-month follow-up | 163 children | Adjusted mean = 48.79 | Adjusted mean = 49.25 | Mean difference = -0.46 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | BSID (Mental development delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 24-month follow-up | 163 children | = 0.19 | = 0.19 | OR = 0.97 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report results are not statistically significant, although this appears to be inconsistent with the confidence interval.
|
| High | BSID (Mental development index) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 24-month follow-up | 163 children | Adjusted mean = 88.54 | Adjusted mean = 86.20 | Mean difference = 2.33 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | PLS-3 (language delay) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 21-month follow-up | 163 children | = 0.13 | = 0.18 | OR = 0.66 | HomVEE calculated = -0.23 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report results are not statistically significant, although this appears to be inconsistent with the confidence interval.
|
| High | PLS-3 (language development) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 21-month follow-up | 163 children | Adjusted mean = 97.83 | Adjusted mean = 96.85 | Mean difference = 0.98 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Infant low vitality: anger stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 158 children | = 0.22 | = 0.32 | OR = 0.63 | HomVEE calculated = -0.31 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report results are not statistically significant, although this appears to be inconsistent with the confidence interval.
|
| High | Infant low vitality: joy stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 158 children | = 0.30 | = 0.40 | OR = 0.64 | HomVEE calculated = -0.27 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report results are not statistically significant, although this appears to be inconsistent with the confidence interval.
|
| High | Infant vulnerability: fear stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 158 children | = 0.17 | = 0.21 | OR = 0.77 | HomVEE calculated = -0.16 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report results are not statistically significant, although this appears to be inconsistent with the confidence interval.
|
| High | Irritable temperament | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitors and comparison (Denver); Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability | 6-month follow-up | 158 children | Adjusted mean = 2.95 | Adjusted mean = 2.92 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Not available | HomVEE = > 0.05 | |
| Moderate | CBCL (Behavior problems score) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 372 children | Adjusted mean = 43.71 | Adjusted mean = 45.26 | Mean difference = -1.56 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | BSID MDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 372 children | Adjusted mean = 90.13 | Adjusted mean = 89.38 | Mean difference = 0.75 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | BSID, MDI: Mental development delay | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 372 children | Adjusted mean % = 11.00 | Adjusted mean % = 13.00 | OR = 0.83 | HomVEE calculated = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
|
| Moderate | Infant low vitality: anger stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 363 children | Adjusted mean % = 19.00 | Adjusted mean % = 28.00 | OR = 0.62 | HomVEE calculated = -0.31 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
|
| Moderate | Infant low vitality: joy stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 363 children | Adjusted mean % = 26.00 | Adjusted mean % = 34.00 | OR = 0.68 | HomVEE calculated = -0.23 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
|
| Moderate | Infant vulnerability: fear stimuli (video coding) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 363 children | % (adjusted) = 16.00 | Adjusted mean % = 25.00 | OR = 0.57 | HomVEE calculated = -0.34 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
|
| Moderate | Irritable temperament | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 6 months | 363 children | Adjusted mean = 2.80 | Adjusted mean = 2.84 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Educational achievement (years) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 427 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.51 | Adjusted mean = 11.51 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| High | Educational achievement (years) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 440 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.62 | Adjusted mean = 11.51 | Mean difference = 0.11 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| High | Months employed (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 12 months | 425 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.21 | Adjusted mean = 3.97 | Mean difference = 0.24 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| High | Months employed (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 439 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.14 | Adjusted mean = 5.73 | Mean difference = 0.41 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| High | Months on AFDC (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 12 months | 425 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Adjusted mean = 2.35 | Mean difference = 0.25 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| High | Months on AFDC (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 439 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.31 | Adjusted mean = 1.92 | Mean difference = 0.39 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Months employed (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 12 months | 406 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.35 | Adjusted mean = 3.97 | Mean difference = 0.38 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Months employed (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 419 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.87 | Adjusted mean = 5.73 | Mean difference = 1.14 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Months on AFDC (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 12 months | 406 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.31 | Adjusted mean = 2.35 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Months on AFDC (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 419 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.95 | Adjusted mean = 1.92 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Subsequent birth (24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 436 mothers | % (adjusted) = 12.00 | Adjusted mean % = 19.00 | OR = 0.58 | HomVEE calculated = -0.33 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | Subsequent pregnancy (24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 436 mothers | % (adjusted) = 29.00 | Adjusted mean % = 41.00 | OR = 0.60 | HomVEE calculated = -0.32 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
|
| High | Subsequent birth (24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 417 mothers | % (adjusted) = 13.00 | Adjusted mean % = 19.00 | OR = 0.63 | HomVEE calculated = -0.27 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 | Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).
|
| High | Subsequent pregnancy (24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 417 mothers | % (adjusted) = 33.00 | Adjusted mean % = 41.00 | OR = 0.70 | HomVEE calculated = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 | Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).
|
| High | Use of emergency services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 36 weeks (prenatal) | 344 mothers | % (adjusted) = 9.00 | Adjusted mean % = 9.00 | OR = 1.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Use of preventative services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 36 weeks (prenatal) | 344 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.67 | Adjusted mean = 0.69 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Use of emergency services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 36 weeks (prenatal) | 353 mothers | % (adjusted) = 6.00 | Adjusted mean % = 9.00 | OR = 0.64 | HomVEE calculated = -0.27 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Use of preventative services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 36 weeks (prenatal) | 353 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.80 | Adjusted mean = 0.69 | Mean difference = 0.11 | HomVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | HOME environment score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 21 months | 420 mothers | Adjusted mean = 37.40 | Adjusted mean = 37.10 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
| High | Mother-infant responsive interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 24 months | 392 mothers | Adjusted mean = 100.15 | Adjusted mean = 98.99 | Mean difference = 1.16 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME environment score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | Unknown | 406 mothers | Adjusted mean = 37.79 | Adjusted mean = 37.10 | Mean difference = 0.69 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).
|
| Moderate | Mother-infant responsive interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | Unknown | 372 mothers | Adjusted mean = 100.31 | Adjusted mean = 98.99 | Mean difference = 1.32 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
The study indicates home environments were rated at 12 and 21 months, however, only one result is presented in the article and the timing is not labeled.
|