Drazen, S. M., & Haust, M. (1993, August). Raising reading readiness in low-income children by parent education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Model(s) Reviewed:
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 1 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Non-experimental comparison group design | Not applicable | Established on race/ethnicity, SES, and outcomes | Not applicable | None | Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021 |
Notes:
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review to remove two findings related to open and suspected cases of abuse and neglect from the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain because some cases measured may be unsubstantiated. In this domain HomVEE reviews only outcomes focused on substantiated cases of abuse and neglect.
This study receives a mixed rating. The authors conducted two studies. Two outcomes from Study 1 rate low and all of Study 2 rates low because baseline equivalence was not demonstrated on race/ethnicity, SES, or outcomes (low-rated outcomes are not reported). In Study 1, receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) at present rates low because, though groups were equivalent at baseline on this measure, the authors do not control for it in analyses. In addition, months receiving AFDC rates low because baseline equivalence is not established on this measure (baseline data are not reported). The other outcomes reported in Study 1 receive a moderate rating.
| Study participants | The intervention group comprised 20 Parents and Children Together (PACT) graduates ages 4 and 5 with the highest risk of school failure whose parents started participation in PACT between the time of the child’s birth and first birthday (most started when children were newborns). A comparison child was selected for each intervention child based on race, sex, educational experience, participation in Head Start, and number of risk factors, for a total of 20 comparison children. |
|---|---|
| Setting | This study took place in Binghamton City School District in New York. |
| Intervention services | Trained and certified parent educators visit the families’ homes at least one per month, starting at birth and continuing until the child is 3 years old. Parent educators provide information about child development and demonstrate parenting techniques. They also refer parents to other agencies when appropriate. The program provides developmental screening tests, parent group meetings, and access to parenting resources such as books and toys. |
| Comparison conditions | The comparison condition was business as usual. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). Subgroups are not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
| Funding sources | No information given. |
| Author affiliation | None of the authors is a developer of this model. |
| Peer reviewed | Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Achievement-Kaufman ABC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 24 children | Unadjusted mean = 97.00 | Unadjusted mean = 94.00 | Mean difference = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Achievement-Kaufman ABC, % Below 90 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 24 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.25 | Unadjusted mean = 0.20 | Mean difference = 0.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Fine Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.30 | Unadjusted mean = 0.50 | Mean difference = -0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.30 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Fine Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test, % Below Age Level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.25 | Unadjusted mean = 0.40 | Mean difference = -0.15 | HomVEE calculated = -0.41 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Gross Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.10 | Unadjusted mean = 0.90 | Mean difference = -0.80 | HomVEE calculated = -0.77 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Gross Motor Delays-Denver Developmental Screening Test, % Below Age Level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.10 | Unadjusted mean = 0.45 | Mean difference = -0.35 | HomVEE calculated = 1.05 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Language Acquisition Quotient-Zimmerman Preschool Language Scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = 107.00 | Unadjusted mean = 100.00 | Mean difference = 7.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.57 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Language Acquisition Quotient-Zimmerman Preschool Language Scale, % Below Age Level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.30 | Unadjusted mean = 0.65 | Mean difference = -0.35 | HomVEE calculated = -0.80 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Mental Processing-Kaufman ABC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 24 children | Unadjusted mean = 102.00 | Unadjusted mean = 94.00 | Mean difference = 8.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.62 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Mental Processing-Kaufman ABC, % Below 90 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 24 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.05 | Unadjusted mean = 0.25 | Mean difference = -0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -1.27 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Change in AFDC Status | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = -0.10 | Unadjusted mean = 0.20 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Abuse and/or Neglect-DSS and School Records, Confirmed Cases 1987-1992 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Binghamton, NY | 4-5 years | 40 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.25 | Unadjusted mean = 0.25 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |