Love, J., Kisker, E., Ross, C. M., Schochet, P. Z., Brooks-Gunn, J., Paulsell, D., et al. (2002). Making a difference in the lives of infants and toddlers and their families: The impacts of Early Head Start. Volumes I-III: Final technical report [and] appendixes [and] local contributions to understanding the programs and their impacts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Head Start Bureau.
Model(s) Reviewed:
Early Head Start—Home-based option
Additional sources:
Love, J. M., Kisker, E. E., Ross, C., Raikes, H., Constantine, J., Boller, K., et al. (2005). The effectiveness of Early Head Start for 3-year-old children and their parents: Lessons for policy and programs. Developmental Psychology, 41(6), 885–901. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.885
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 1 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Established on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status; Established on many relevant outcomes | None | None | Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021 |
Notes:
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review to remove mother's partnership status/family structure findings from the Family Economic Self-Sufficiency domain because ACF determined that mother's partnership status is ineligible for review by HomVEE.
The study expressed some effect sizes as a percentage of the standard deviation. To be consistent with other studies, HomVEE divided the study-reported effect size by 100 and rounded to two decimal places.
This study received a mixed rating. Outcomes from the Parent Services Interview have low attrition and typically receive a high rating (though some outcomes that were assessable at baseline and not controlled receive a moderate rating). Outcomes from the Child Assessment (Bayley) and Parent/Child Interactions have high attrition, but baseline equivalence is established and those outcomes receive a moderate rating. Outcomes from the 36-month parent interview have high attrition, but baseline equivalence was established so they generally rate moderate, although outcomes on maternal health and male/father presence were assessable and not controlled, and therefore rate low.
| Study participants | This study relies on data from a randomized controlled trial of 17 Early Head Start (EHS) programs that began in 1995. Seven of the programs served clients through a home-based option (though other clients in other EHS options also received home visits) and are the focus of this report (EHS-HBO). The study randomly assigned 1,385 families, who applied to those 7 programs, either to receive home-based EHS or a comparison condition. This study included outcomes reported for the 3-year-old follow-up (other years of follow-up are reported in separate studies). For this follow-up, 950 parents (502 in EHS-HBO and 448 in the comparison group) provided data for parent interviews. Among parent interview participants, 46 percent were white, 25 percent were black, and 26 percent were Hispanic. One in four parents had more than a high school education, and one in 10 were in families living above the poverty line; one-third to one-half of families were receiving welfare (AFDC) or Food Stamps. |
|---|---|
| Setting | The study was conducted in 17 EHS programs throughout the United States, including 7 programs with home-based options, which are the focus of this report. Four programs were located in urban areas and three programs were located in rural areas. The seven programs represented a mix of implementation timing; one early implementer had all EHS-HBO elements in place by 1997, and three later implementers had all elements in place by 1999; three programs did not have all elements in place by 1999. The early-implementing program had fully implemented both child and family development services early and continued to have those services in place in 1999. |
| Intervention services | EHS-HBO services are intended to be delivered to study families via weekly home visits. Seventy percent of families in these programs received weekly visits during at least one of the first two follow-up periods, and 26 percent received such services throughout both periods. Over the first two years, families in the home-based option received an average of 71 visits. Typical home visits are at least one hour long. Topics for home visits included child growth and development, child play activities, housing issues, and parent-child communication. |
| Comparison conditions | Control group families could not receive EHS-HBO services, but could receive other services available in their community. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). Subgroups are not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
| Funding sources | Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Child Outcomes Research and Evaluation team (CORE)within ACF’s Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation (OPRE), and the Head Start Bureau in the Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF) |
| Author affiliation | None of the study authors are developers of this model. |
| Peer reviewed | Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Bayley BRS: Orientation/Engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 3.90 | Adjusted mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 3.40 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Bayley Behavioral Rating Scale(BRS): Emotional regulation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 2.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Bayley Mental DevelopmentIndex(MDI)Standard Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 746 children | Adjusted mean = 94.10 | Adjusted mean = 92.80 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Study reported = 9.50 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Child behavior checklist - aggressive behavior | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 746 children | Adjusted mean = 11.20 | Adjusted mean = 11.70 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Study reported = -7.80 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Engagement of parent during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 5.10 | Adjusted mean = 5.00 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 5.60 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Engagement of parent during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.80 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 19.20 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Moderate | Frustration during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 2.70 | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 5.90 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Negativity toward parent during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -6.60 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)-III Standard Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 746 children | Adjusted mean = 84.60 | Adjusted mean = 83.10 | Mean difference = 1.50 | Study reported = 9.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage with PPVT-III<85 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 746 children | % = 45.60 | % = 48.60 | = -3.00 | Study reported = -6.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage with MDI <85 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 746 children | % = 20.50 | % = 22.00 | = -1.40 | Study reported = -3.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Persistence during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.70 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 12.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Sustained attention with objects during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 5.00 | Adjusted mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 10.60 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Any child health services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 99.80 | = 0.20 | Not Applicable | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Any dentist visits | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 27.10 | % = 28.10 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Any doctor visits | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 99.00 | % = 98.70 | = 0.30 | HomVEE calculated = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Any emergency room visits | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 53.40 | % = 56.00 | = -2.60 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Any immunizations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 99.10 | % = 98.50 | = 0.70 | HomVEE calculated = 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Any screening tests | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 62.40 | % = 61.00 | = 1.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Child’s health status | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | Age 3 | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of children in fair or poor health | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | Age 3 | 950 children | % = 9.80 | % = 9.60 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Average hours per week employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | Adjusted mean = 14.80 | Adjusted mean = 15.10 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Average hours per week in any employment, education, or training activity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | Adjusted mean = 19.90 | Adjusted mean = 18.50 | Mean difference = 1.40 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Average hours per week in education or training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Adjusted mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 1.50 | Study reported = -0.24 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| High | Employed: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 33.80 | % = 36.10 | = -2.30 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employed: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 38.20 | % = 42.90 | = -4.70 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employed: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 46.90 | % = 50.10 | = -3.20 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employed: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 51.90 | % = 51.70 | = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employed: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 57.70 | % = 58.90 | = -1.20 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employed: 6th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 61.70 | % = 58.20 | = 3.50 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employed: 7th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 57.50 | % = 55.00 | = 2.50 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employed: 8th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 55.90 | % = 59.90 | = -4.00 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employment, education, or training: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 47.30 | % = 48.40 | = -1.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employment, education, or training: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 53.40 | % = 55.50 | = -2.10 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employment, education, or training: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 62.30 | % = 62.90 | = -0.60 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employment, education, or training: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 65.20 | % = 61.60 | = 3.60 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employment, education, or training: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 69.60 | % = 67.90 | = 1.70 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employment, education, or training: 6th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 72.90 | % = 66.40 | = 6.50 | Study reported = -0.14 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | Employment, education, or training: 7th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 66.40 | % = 62.70 | = 3.70 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Employment, education, or training: 8th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 65.20 | % = 66.60 | = -14.00 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Ever employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 83.10 | % = 81.80 | = 1.30 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Ever employed or in education/training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 90.50 | % = 88.90 | = 1.60 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Ever in education or training | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 53.10 | % = 45.50 | = 7.60 | Study reported = -0.15 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | Ever received AFDC or TANF | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 55.20 | % = 52.50 | = 2.70 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Ever received food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | = 66.70 | = 65.40 | = 1.30 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Ever received welfare | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | = 72.90 | = 70.50 | = 2.40 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Have GED | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 8.50 | % = 11.50 | = 3.00 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Have high school diploma | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 49.10 | % = 45.70 | = 3.40 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | In education or training: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 21.20 | % = 21.60 | = -0.40 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | In education or training: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 25.10 | % = 22.90 | = 2.20 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | In education or training: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 28.20 | % = 26.50 | = 1.70 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | In education or training: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 27.10 | % = 22.50 | = 4.60 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | In education or training: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 28.60 | % = 22.90 | = 5.70 | Study reported = -0.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | In education or training: 6th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 28.70 | % = 21.30 | = 7.40 | Study reported = -0.18 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| High | In education or training: 7th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 23.10 | % = 17.60 | = 5.50 | Study reported = -0.14 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| High | In education or training: 8th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 24.30 | % = 15.60 | = 8.70 | Study reported = -0.22 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| High | Income above poverty line, (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 41.10 | Adjusted mean % = 40.80 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 1st quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 42.20 | % = 29.40 | = 12.80 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 2nd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 41.90 | % = 42.40 | = -0.50 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 3rd quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 46.20 | % = 43.90 | = 2.30 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 4th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 37.20 | % = 38.10 | = -0.90 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 5th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 36.00 | % = 37.80 | = -1.80 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 6th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 36.40 | % = 38.50 | = -2.10 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 7th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 27.40 | % = 32.10 | = -4.70 | Study reported = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Received AFDC or TANF: 8th quarter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 27.80 | % = 27.80 | = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Total AFDC or TANF benefits ($) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | = 2675.50 | = 2833.80 | = -158.30 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Total food stamps benefits ($) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2297.80 | Adjusted mean = 2152.50 | Mean difference = 145.30 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Total welfare benefits ($) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | Adjusted mean = 5928.60 | Adjusted mean = 6088.80 | Mean difference = -160.20 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Ever in ESL class | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 3.40 | % = 2.40 | = 1.00 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Ever in high school | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 12.60 | % = 6.80 | = 5.80 | Study reported = -0.20 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| Moderate | Ever in vocational program | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 18.20 | % = 15.70 | = 2.50 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Any family health services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 100.00 | = 0.00 | Not Applicable | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Any family mental health services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 23.90 | % = 21.00 | = 2.90 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Identification of child’s disability | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 7.60 | % = 5.00 | = 2.70 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| High | Services for child with disability | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 5.30 | % = 3.70 | Mean difference = 1.50 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Any education-related services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 86.90 | % = 50.80 | = 36.10 | HomVEE calculated = 1.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| Moderate | Any employment-related services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 77.30 | % = 47.10 | = 30.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.81 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
|
| Moderate | Housing assistance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 65.70 | % = 64.10 | = 1.60 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Transportation assistance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 32.00 | % = 23.90 | = 8.10 | HomVEE calculated = 0.24 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Subsequent birth by 24 months after random assignment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | % = 21.80 | % = 24.70 | Mean difference = -2.90 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | FES: Family conflict | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 36 months postpartum | 950 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | PSI Parent-Child dysfunctional interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 36 months postpartum | 950 mothers | Adjusted mean = 17.50 | Adjusted mean = 18.10 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | PSI Parental distress | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact sample | 36 months postpartum | 950 mothers | Adjusted mean = 24.90 | Adjusted mean = 26.30 | Mean difference = -1.40 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | HOME harshness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 0.30 | Adjusted mean = 0.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME internal physical environment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 8.00 | Adjusted mean = 8.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 28.30 | Adjusted mean = 28.10 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME warmth | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 2.70 | Adjusted mean = 2.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME: support of language and learning | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 10.90 | Adjusted mean = 10.70 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Detachment during parent-child puzzle challenge tasks | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Detachment during parent-child semi-structured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.20 | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Index of severity of discipline strategies | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 3.30 | Adjusted mean = 3.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Intrusiveness during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 2.50 | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Intrusiveness during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Negative regard during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.20 | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent-child play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.40 | Adjusted mean = 4.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of children that follow a bedtime routine | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | % = 72.00 | % = 71.00 | = 1.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of children with a regular bedtime | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | % = 59.30 | % = 55.60 | = 3.70 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of parents suggesting physical punishment as a discipline strategy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | = 44.90 | = 44.50 | = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of parents that read to child at bedtime | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | % = 29.60 | % = 25.80 | = 3.80 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of parents that read to child daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | % = 54.50 | % = 55.70 | = -1.20 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of parents that spanked child in the past week | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | % = 44.10 | % = 49.60 | = -5.50 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of parents that usually use a car seat correctly | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | = 70.40 | = 69.40 | = 1.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Percentage of parents that would use mild discipline only | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 950 children | = 45.80 | = 45.90 | = -0.10 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Quality of assistance during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Adjusted mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Supportive presence during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Supportiveness during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | Age 3 | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 3.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Number of emergency room visits for injuries | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO impact study | 28 months after assignment | 941 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.30 | Adjusted mean = 0.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |