PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2012). Preparing For Life early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at twelve months. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 2 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No | No |
Yes |
Information on how certain measures were constructed and their reliability, information to satisfy the baseline equivalence requirement for findings with high attrition, and information on the regression imputation method were based on correspondence with the author. HomVEE's calculations for statistical significance are used because authors' calculations were based on one-tailed statistical tests. Several findings not reported in the tables below received a low rating because they had high attrition and did not satisfy the baseline requirement or failed to establish face validity and/or did not satisfy the reliability requirement. Findings about mothers’ civic engagement, partnership status, marital status, household size, the presence of grandparents, and whether the mother knows the baby’s weight are ineligible for review because they do not fall in one of HomVEE’s eligible outcome domains. Measures of the fathers’ income and employment status are ineligible for review because HomVEE does not review measures of family self-sufficiency for the father, unless the manuscript clearly indicates that the father resides in the household.
Several findings for the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, and for subscales of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Brief Child-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment, Developmental Profile-3, and Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2, as well as findings about child's health and health problems, are duplicates of those reported in two peer-reviewed manuscripts: Doyle et. al (2015) and Doyle et. al (2017). These findings are reported under those peer-reviewed manuscripts.
| Study participants | Study participants were pregnant women recruited in a maternity hospital or in the community. A total of 233 pregnant women were randomly assigned to either the Preparing for Life—Home Visiting group that received home visiting services (“high PFL”; 115 participants) or the comparison condition (“low PFL”; 118 participants) that did not receive home visiting services. The study included a total of 165 participants, 82 in the high PFL group and 83 in the low PFL comparison group. Outcomes were measured when the children in the sample were 12 months old. At intake, the average age of the mothers was 25. The percentage of mothers identifying as Irish was 96 percent, and 4 percent identified as Irish Traveller. About half of the women were first-time mothers. |
|---|---|
| Setting | The study took place in North Dublin, Ireland. |
| Intervention services | Preparing for Life—Home Visiting provided home visits that lasted 30 minutes to two hours during the mother’s pregnancy and until the child started school at age 5. The majority of participants received visits every two weeks, though some participants received services monthly. The home visitor was a trained Preparing for Life mentor. The mentor provided information by using tip sheets and worked with participants to resolve issues around the child’s development, including the child’s prebirth development, nutrition, rest and routine, and cognitive and social development. The mentor also addressed the mother and her supports. Participants had access to baby massage sessions until the child was 10 months old. Participants also received packages of materials, including home safety items (corner guards, angle latches, heat-sensitive spoons, and baby gym/play mats) and toys (puzzles, activity toys, and bricks), worth about 100 Euros per package. |
| Comparison conditions | Participants in the low PFL (comparison) group did not have access to the home visiting services or tip sheets. The comparison group did, however, receive some of the same resources made available to the high PFL (intervention) group, including the package of safety items and toys. These participants had access to an information officer who met with participants before the child’s birth and at various intervals after birth and provided information on Preparing for Life community events and other local services. Participants in the comparison group had access to public health workshops, such as a stress-control program and a healthy food program. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Child gender (boy or girl) • Parity (primiparous) • Relationship status (single parent) • Cognitive resources of mother (high or low as measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) • Emotional well-being level of mother (high or low as measured by the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index) • Maternal substance use/disorder (smoked or drank during pregnancy) • Maternal familial risk (high as measured by a survey of household domestic risks) |
| Funding sources | The Atlantic Philanthropies and the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (Ireland) supported the research. |
| Author affiliation | Dr. Doyle and the Preparing for Life Evaluation team are affiliated with the University College Dublin Geary Institute for Public Policy. The authors were contracted by the home visiting model developers to evaluate Preparing for Life—Home Visiting. |
| Peer reviewed | No |
Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: None found. SocialScienceRegistry.org Identifier: None found. Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies Identifier: None found. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE for Clinicaltrials.gov beginning with the 2014 review, and for other registries beginning with the 2021 review.
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Fine Motor Cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.46 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Gross Motor Cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.14 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Problem Solving Cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Study reported = -0.17 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Problem Solving Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 46.40 | Unadjusted mean = 46.33 | Mean difference = 0.07 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.97 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Social-Emotional Cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.10 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.07 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.49 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Standardised Total Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 100.08 | Unadjusted mean = 98.09 | Mean difference = 1.99 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.41 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Child-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), Competence Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 15.39 | Unadjusted mean = 14.84 | Mean difference = 0.55 | Study reported = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.80 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Child-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), Competence Score Cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.16 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.28 | Mean difference = -0.12 | Study reported = -0.29 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Child-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), Problem Score Cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.22 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.76 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Developmental Profile-3 (DP3), Cognitive Development Above Average Cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.54 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.52 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.80 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Difficult Temperament (items adapted from Child Characteristics Questionnaire) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 12.66 | Unadjusted mean = 13.30 | Mean difference = -0.64 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.47 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), First Communicative Gestures |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
162 children | Unadjusted mean = 8.84 | Unadjusted mean = 9.70 | Mean difference = -0.86 | Study reported = -0.37 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.53 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), Vocabulary Words Produced |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 55.27 | Unadjusted mean = 55.66 | Mean difference = -0.39 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.98 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), Vocabulary Words Understood |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 74.43 | Unadjusted mean = 77.71 | Mean difference = -3.28 | Study reported = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.76 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Temperament and Atypical Behaviour Scale (TABS) Score, proportion at risk of atypical development |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.33 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.40 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.35 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Temperament and Atypical Behaviour Scale (TABS) Score, total score (risk of atypical development above a score of 0) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.95 | Unadjusted mean = 1.22 | Mean difference = -0.27 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.36 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Used any type of childcare |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
163 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.30 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.45 | Mean difference = -0.15 | Study reported = 0.30 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.05 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Used formal childcare |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
163 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.20 | Mean difference = -0.09 | Study reported = -0.25 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Ever vaccinated |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.99 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.96 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Study reported = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | How often the child eats dairy |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 6.57 | Unadjusted mean = 6.20 | Mean difference = 0.37 | Study reported = 0.29 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.06 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | How often the child eats fruits |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 6.20 | Unadjusted mean = 6.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | How often the child eats grains |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 6.36 | Unadjusted mean = 6.01 | Mean difference = 0.35 | Study reported = 0.29 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | How often the child eats other food (for example, sweets, crisps, and chips) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 children | Unadjusted mean = 4.37 | Unadjusted mean = 4.72 | Mean difference = -0.35 | Study reported = -0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.23 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | How often the child eats protein |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 5.63 | Unadjusted mean = 5.47 | Mean difference = 0.16 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.40 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | How often the child eats vegetables |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 6.04 | Unadjusted mean = 6.02 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.88 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Necessary immunisations at 12 months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.27 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.14 | Mean difference = 0.13 | Study reported = 0.31 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Sleeps undisturbed through the night |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.71 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.49 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Equivalised weekly household income |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
142 families | Unadjusted mean = 230.64 | Unadjusted mean = 231.57 | Mean difference = -0.93 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.96 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother in paid employment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
163 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.33 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.40 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.36 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother long-term unemployed (greater than 12 months) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
162 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.15 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.23 | Mean difference = -0.08 | Study reported = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother unemployed |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.27 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.34 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.33 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Receives social welfare payments |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
163 families | Unadjusted proportion = 0.84 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.80 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.51 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Saves regularly |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
163 families | Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.51 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.70 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Social worker working with family |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.05 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.78 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Below World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Score of 13 |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.35 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.42 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.36 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Below World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Score of 13 (0-6 months), difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.26 | Unadjusted mean = 0.24 | Mean difference = 0.02 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Consumed alcohol above recommended level |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
159 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.10 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.84 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Currently pregnant |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Drank alcohol in past 6 months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.83 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.94 | Mean difference = -0.11 | Study reported = -0.36 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Drug use in past 6 months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.46 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Future Outlook Inventory (FOI) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.66 | Unadjusted mean = 2.63 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.73 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Healthy Eating Scale (adapted from Shrivastava et al., 2013) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
163 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 19.14 | Unadjusted mean = 19.52 | Mean difference = -0.38 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.68 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Less than 6 hours sleep per night |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
162 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.17 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.52 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Maternal Efficacy Mean Score (combined Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale and Parental Self-Efficacy) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.00 | Unadjusted mean = 3.07 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Maternal Efficacy Mean Score (combined Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale and Parental Self-Efficacy), difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.00 | Unadjusted mean = 3.07 | Mean difference = -0.07 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Meets friends daily |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.65 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.54 | Mean difference = 0.11 | Study reported = 0.23 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.15 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Number of general practitioner visits in past 6 months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.51 | Unadjusted mean = 2.17 | Mean difference = 0.34 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.57 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Self-Efficacy (adapted from Borkowski et al., 2001) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.16 | Unadjusted mean = 3.29 | Mean difference = -0.13 | Study reported = -0.24 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.13 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Self-Efficacy (adapted from Borkowski et al., 2001), difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.16 | Unadjusted mean = 3.29 | Mean difference = -0.13 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.91 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale, Mastery cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.14 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.70 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale, Mastery Mean Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.87 | Unadjusted mean = 2.88 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.91 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale, Mastery Mean Score, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.87 | Unadjusted mean = 2.88 | Mean difference = -0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.23 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Regular exercise |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.41 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.42 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.90 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Smoked in past 6 months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.53 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.52 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.90 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Percentage Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 57.61 | Unadjusted mean = 56.39 | Mean difference = 1.22 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.75 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Percentage Score (0-6 months), difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 63.69 | Unadjusted mean = 64.98 | Mean difference = -1.29 | HomVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.68 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Appropriate parent-child roles |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 6.11 | Unadjusted mean = 6.07 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.91 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Belief in the use of inappropriate punishment- At risk cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.00 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.63 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Inappropriate parent-child roles- At risk cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Parental empathy |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 4.93 | Unadjusted mean = 4.92 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.98 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Parental lack of empathy- At risk of cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.34 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.16 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Realistic parental expectations of children |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 6.62 | Unadjusted mean = 6.46 | Mean difference = 0.16 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.59 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), total number of scales at risk |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.76 | Unadjusted mean = 0.76 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Total score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 124.18 | Unadjusted mean = 125.71 | Mean difference = -1.53 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.47 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Unrealistic parental expectations of children- At risk cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.05 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.78 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Appropriate parent-child roles, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 28.04 | Unadjusted mean = 27.78 | Mean difference = 0.26 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.59 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Belief in the use of appropriate punishment, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 45.84 | Unadjusted mean = 45.14 | Mean difference = 0.70 | HomVEE calculated = 0.30 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.054 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Belief in the use of inappropriate punishment- At risk cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.00 | Unadjusted mean = 0.02 | Mean difference = -0.02 | HomVEE calculated = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.23 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Inappropriate parent-child roles- At risk cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.12 | Unadjusted mean = 0.12 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.33 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Parental empathy, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 39.65 | Unadjusted mean = 39.52 | Mean difference = 0.13 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.69 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Parental lack of empathy- At risk of cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.34 | Unadjusted mean = 0.24 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.33 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Realistic parental expectations of children, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 25.17 | Unadjusted mean = 24.64 | Mean difference = 0.53 | HomVEE calculated = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.52 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Unrealistic parental expectations of children- At risk cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.06 | Unadjusted mean = 0.05 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.35 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d |
| High | Appropriateness of sleeping location |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
162 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.87 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.95 | Mean difference = -0.08 | Study reported = -0.30 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.09 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Family Environment Scale (FES), Cohesion Standard Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 55.51 | Unadjusted mean = 58.07 | Mean difference = -2.56 | Study reported = -0.27 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.08 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Family Environment Scale (FES), Conflict Standard Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 70.43 | Unadjusted mean = 69.63 | Mean difference = 0.80 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.57 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Family Environment Scale (FES), Organisation Standard Score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 children | Unadjusted mean = 48.15 | Unadjusted mean = 46.88 | Mean difference = 1.27 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Father has daily contact with child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.68 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.67 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.89 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Father part of child's life |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
164 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.94 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.89 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Study reported = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Satisfied with father's involvement |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
12 months old |
165 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 62.91 | Unadjusted mean = 62.54 | Mean difference = 0.37 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.78 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |