Manuscript Detail | Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness

O'Sullivan, A., Fitzpatrick, N., & Doyle, O. (2017). Effects of early intervention on dietary intake and its mediating role on cognitive functioning: A randomised controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition, 20(1), 154-164.

Model(s) Reviewed: Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

Manuscript screening details
Screening decision	Screening conclusion	HomVEE procedures and standards version
Passes screens	Eligible for review	Version 2

Study design details
Rating	Design	Attrition	Baseline equivalence	Compromised randomization	Confounding factors	Valid, reliable measure(s)
High	Randomized controlled trial	Low	Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition	No	No	Yes

Notes:

Information required to satisfy the baseline equivalence requirement for findings with high attrition were based on correspondence with the author. Findings reported when children in the sample were 36 months old are ineligible for review because high PFL families were offered Triple P, a parenting course promoting healthy parenting practices and positive parent-child attachment, when children were between 24 and 36 months old, and the low PFL group was not offered these services. Several findings measured at 18 months not reported in the tables below received a low rating because they had high attrition and did not satisfy the baseline equivalence requirement.

Study characteristics
Study participants	Study participants were pregnant women recruited in a maternity hospital or in the community. A total of 233 pregnant women were randomly assigned to either the Preparing for Life—Home Visiting group that received home visiting services (“high PFL”; 115 participants) or the comparison condition that did not receive home visiting services (“low PFL”; 118 participants). The study included a total of 207 participants, 105 in the high PFL group and 102 in the low PFL comparison group. Outcomes were measured when the children in the sample were 12, 18, 24, and 36 months old. At intake, the average age of the mothers was 25. The percentage of mothers identifying as Irish was 96 percent, and 4 percent identified as Irish Traveller. About half of the women were first-time mothers.
Setting	The study took place in North Dublin, Ireland.
Intervention services	Preparing for Life—Home Visiting provided home visits that lasted 30 minutes to two hours during the mother’s pregnancy and until the child started school at age 5. The majority of participants received visits every two weeks, though some participants received services monthly. The home visitor was a trained Preparing for Life mentor. The mentor provided information by using tip sheets and worked with participants to resolve issues around the child’s development, including the child’s prebirth development, nutrition, rest and routine, and cognitive and social development. The mentor also addressed the mother and her supports. Participants had access to baby massage sessions until the child was 10 months old. Participants also received packages of materials, including home safety items (corner guards, angle latches, heat-sensitive spoons, and baby gym/play mats) and toys (puzzles, activity toys, and bricks), worth about 100 Euros per package.
Comparison conditions	Participants in the low PFL (comparison) group did not have access to the home visiting services or tip sheets. The comparison group did, however, receive some of the same resources made available to the high PFL (intervention) group, including the package of safety items and toys. These participants had access to an information officer who met with participants before the child’s birth and at various intervals after birth and provided information on Preparing for Life community events and other local services. Participants in the comparison group had access to public health workshops, such as a stress-control program and a healthy food program.
Subgroups examined	This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). There were no subgroups reported in this manuscript.
Funding sources	The Atlantic Philanthropies and the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (Ireland) supported the research.
Author affiliation	Dr. Doyle and the Preparing for Life Evaluation team are affiliated with the University College Dublin Geary Institute for Public Policy. The authors were contracted by the home visiting model developers to evaluate Preparing for Life—Home Visiting.
Peer reviewed	Yes

Study Registration:

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: None found. SocialScienceRegistry.org Identifier: None found. Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies Identifier: None found. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE for Clinicaltrials.gov beginning with the 2014 review, and for other registries beginning with the 2021 review.

Findings that rate moderate or high

Child development and school readiness
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Developmental Profile-3: Cognitive section	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Coefficient =	Coefficient =	Mean difference = 4.38	HomVEE calculated = 0.29	Not statistically significant, p= 0.06

Child health
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.63	Adjusted proportion = 0.57	Mean difference = 0.06	HomVEE calculated = 0.15	Not statistically significant, p= 0.34
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.42	Adjusted proportion = 0.53	Mean difference = -0.11	HomVEE calculated = -0.27	Not statistically significant, p= 0.22
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.62	Adjusted proportion = 0.57	Odds ratio = 1.21	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p= 0.57	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.40	Adjusted proportion = 0.50	Odds ratio = 0.66	Study reported = -0.25	Not statistically significant, p= 0.20	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.28	Study reported = 0.15	Not statistically significant, p= 0.48	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	18 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 0.98	Study reported = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p= 0.87	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 0.63	Study reported = -0.28	Not statistically significant, p= 0.16	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.63	Unadjusted proportion = 0.57	Odds ratio = 1.30	HomVEE calculated = 0.16	Not statistically significant, p= 0.41	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.42	Unadjusted proportion = 0.52	Odds ratio = 0.66	HomVEE calculated = -0.25	Not statistically significant, p= 0.18	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.05	Adjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = 0.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.14	Not statistically significant, p= 0.79
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.16	Adjusted proportion = 0.05	Mean difference = 0.11	HomVEE calculated = 0.78	Statistically significant, p= 0.04
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.15	Adjusted proportion = 0.04	Odds ratio = 3.92	Study reported = 0.83	Statistically significant, p= 0.02	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.05	Adjusted proportion = 0.03	Odds ratio = 1.46	Study reported = 0.23	Not statistically significant, p= 0.63	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	18 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.53	Study reported = 0.26	Not statistically significant, p= 0.41	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.23	Study reported = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p= 0.79	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 3.00	Study reported = 0.67	Not statistically significant, p= 0.06	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.05	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Odds ratio = 1.37	HomVEE calculated = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p= 0.69	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets all daily diet recommendations, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.16	Unadjusted proportion = 0.05	Odds ratio = 3.82	HomVEE calculated = 0.81	Statistically significant, p= 0.02	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.64	Adjusted proportion = 0.61	Mean difference = 0.03	HomVEE calculated = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p= 0.55
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.63	Adjusted proportion = 0.49	Mean difference = 0.14	HomVEE calculated = 0.35	Not statistically significant, p= 0.05
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.64	Adjusted proportion = 0.51	Odds ratio = 1.74	Study reported = 0.34	Not statistically significant, p= 0.10	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.61	Adjusted proportion = 0.57	Odds ratio = 1.17	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p= 0.64	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	18 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.67	Study reported = 0.31	Not statistically significant, p= 0.10	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.09	Study reported = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p= 0.84	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.98	Study reported = 0.41	Statistically significant, p= 0.046	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.63	Unadjusted proportion = 0.48	Odds ratio = 1.86	HomVEE calculated = 0.38	Statistically significant, p= <0.05	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.64	Unadjusted proportion = 0.61	Odds ratio = 1.16	HomVEE calculated = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p= 0.64	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.20	Adjusted proportion = 0.26	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.21	Not statistically significant, p= 0.21
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.44	Adjusted proportion = 0.28	Mean difference = 0.16	HomVEE calculated = 0.43	Statistically significant, p= 0.04
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.18	Adjusted proportion = 0.25	Odds ratio = 0.67	Study reported = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p= 0.30	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.43	Adjusted proportion = 0.29	Odds ratio = 1.82	Study reported = 0.36	Not statistically significant, p= 0.09	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 0.63	Study reported = -0.28	Not statistically significant, p= 0.22	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	18 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.59	Study reported = 0.28	Not statistically significant, p= 0.19	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.94	Study reported = 0.40	Not statistically significant, p= 0.05	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.20	Unadjusted proportion = 0.27	Odds ratio = 0.67	HomVEE calculated = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p= 0.29	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.44	Unadjusted proportion = 0.27	Odds ratio = 2.27	HomVEE calculated = 0.50	Statistically significant, p= 0.02	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.52	Adjusted proportion = 0.41	Mean difference = 0.11	HomVEE calculated = 0.27	Not statistically significant, p= 0.14
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.63	Adjusted proportion = 0.53	Mean difference = 0.10	HomVEE calculated = 0.25	Not statistically significant, p= 0.28
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.56	Adjusted proportion = 0.43	Odds ratio = 1.67	Study reported = 0.31	Not statistically significant, p= 0.13	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.62	Adjusted proportion = 0.53	Odds ratio = 1.43	Study reported = 0.22	Not statistically significant, p= 0.28	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.78	Study reported = 0.35	Statistically significant, p= 0.049	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	18 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 0.56	Study reported = -0.35	Not statistically significant, p= 0.10	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.23	Study reported = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p= 0.37	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.63	Unadjusted proportion = 0.54	Odds ratio = 1.47	HomVEE calculated = 0.23	Not statistically significant, p= 0.22	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.52	Unadjusted proportion = 0.41	Odds ratio = 1.59	HomVEE calculated = 0.28	Not statistically significant, p= 0.14	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.17	Adjusted proportion = 0.17	Mean difference = 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p= 0.97
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, adjusted for baseline controls	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.33	Adjusted proportion = 0.18	Mean difference = 0.15	HomVEE calculated = 0.49	Statistically significant, p= 0.02
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.36	Adjusted proportion = 0.18	Odds ratio = 2.52	Study reported = 0.56	Statistically significant, p= 0.02	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.18	Adjusted proportion = 0.16	Odds ratio = 1.10	Study reported = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p= 0.82	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 0.97	Study reported = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p= 0.87	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	18 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.52	Study reported = 0.25	Not statistically significant, p= 0.28	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	207 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 2.27	Study reported = 0.50	Statistically significant, p= 0.03	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	12 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.17	Unadjusted proportion = 0.18	Odds ratio = 0.93	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p= 0.87	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.33	Unadjusted proportion = 0.18	Odds ratio = 2.30	HomVEE calculated = 0.50	Statistically significant, p= 0.02	Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.