PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2013). Preparing For Life: Early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at twenty-four months. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 2 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No | No |
Yes |
Information on how certain measures were constructed and their reliability were based on correspondence with the author. Several findings not reported in the tables below received a low rating because they did not satisfy the reliability requirement. HomVEE’s calculations for statistical significance are used because authors’ calculations are based on one-tailed statistical tests. Findings about mothers’ civic engagement, partnership status, household size, child number of siblings, and whether the mother knows the baby’s weight are ineligible for review because they do not fall in one of HomVEE’s eligible outcome domains. Findings for child number of health problems for which they were taken to doctor/health center/casualty and child received medical attention for wheezing or asthma are duplicates of those reported in Doyle et al. (2015) and are reported under that peer-reviewed manuscript.
| Study participants | Study participants were pregnant women recruited in a maternity hospital or in the community. A total of 233 pregnant women were randomly assigned to either the Preparing for Life—Home Visiting group that received home visiting services (“high PFL”; 115 participants) or the comparison condition that did not receive home visiting services (“low PFL”; 118 participants). The study included a total of 166 participants, 82 in the high PFL group and 84 in the low PFL comparison group. Outcomes were measured when the children in the sample were 24 months old. At intake, the average age of the mothers was 25. The percentage of mothers identifying as Irish was 96 percent, and 4 percent identified as Irish Traveller. About half of the women were first-time mothers. |
|---|---|
| Setting | The study took place in North Dublin, Ireland. |
| Intervention services | Preparing for Life—Home Visiting provided home visits that lasted 30 minutes to two hours during the mother’s pregnancy and until the child started school at age 5. The majority of participants received visits every two weeks, though some participants received services monthly. The home visitor was a trained Preparing for Life mentor. The mentor provided information by using tip sheets and worked with participants to resolve issues around the child’s development, including the child’s prebirth development, nutrition, rest and routine, and cognitive and social development. The mentor also addressed the mother and her supports. Participants had access to baby massage sessions until the child was 10 months old. Participants also received packages of materials, including home safety items (corner guards, angle latches, heat-sensitive spoons, and baby gym/play mats) and toys (puzzles, activity toys, and bricks), worth about 100 Euros per package. |
| Comparison conditions | Participants in the low PFL (comparison) group did not have access to the home visiting services or tip sheets. The comparison group did, however, receive some of the same resources made available to the high PFL (intervention) group, including the package of safety items and toys. These participants had access to an information officer who met with participants before the child’s birth and at various intervals after birth and provided information on Preparing for Life community events and other local services. Participants in the comparison group had access to public health workshops, such as a stress-control program and a healthy food program. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Child gender (boy or girl) • Parity (primiparous) • Relationship status (single parent) • Cognitive resources of mother (high or low as measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) • Emotional well-being level of mother (high or low as measured by the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index) • Maternal substance use/disorder (smoked or drank during pregnancy) • Maternal familial risk (high as measured by a survey of household domestic risks) |
| Funding sources | The Atlantic Philanthropies and the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (Ireland) supported the research. |
| Author affiliation | Dr. Doyle and the Preparing for Life Evaluation team are affiliated with the University College Dublin Geary Institute for Public Policy. The authors were contracted by the home visiting model developers to evaluate Preparing for Life—Home Visiting. |
| Peer reviewed | No |
Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: None found. SocialScienceRegistry.org Identifier: None found. Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies Identifier: None found. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE for Clinicaltrials.gov beginning with the 2014 review, and for other registries beginning with the 2021 review.
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Communication cut-off score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.07 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Communication score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 52.87 | Unadjusted mean = 53.21 | Mean difference = -0.34 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.86 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Gross motor cut-off score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Gross motor score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 54.39 | Unadjusted mean = 54.76 | Mean difference = -0.37 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.78 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Social-emotional cut-off score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.84 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Social-emotional score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 29.09 | Unadjusted mean = 28.10 | Mean difference = 0.99 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.80 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Competence cut-off score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.10 | Mean difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.83 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Competence score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 18.18 | Unadjusted mean = 18.36 | Mean difference = -0.18 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.67 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Dysregulation |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 2.71 | Unadjusted mean = 3.49 | Mean difference = -0.78 | Study reported = -0.29 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): External problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.76 | Unadjusted mean = 1.90 | Mean difference = -0.14 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.68 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Internal problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.67 | Unadjusted mean = 2.05 | Mean difference = -0.38 | Study reported = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.16 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Problem cut-off score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.23 | Mean difference = -0.11 | Study reported = -0.28 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Problem score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 8.20 | Unadjusted mean = 9.86 | Mean difference = -1.66 | Study reported = -0.24 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Red flag |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 2.80 | Unadjusted mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Aggressive behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 7.56 | Unadjusted mean = 8.04 | Mean difference = -0.48 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.59 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Anxious/depressed, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.89 | Unadjusted mean = 2.08 | Mean difference = -0.19 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.48 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Attention problems |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.96 | Unadjusted mean = 2.18 | Mean difference = -0.22 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.44 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Emotionally reactive, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.74 | Unadjusted mean = 2.05 | Mean difference = -0.31 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.36 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Externalizing problems cut-off, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.00 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Study reported = -0.27 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.29 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Externalizing problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 9.52 | Unadjusted mean = 10.21 | Mean difference = -0.69 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.53 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Internalizing problems cut-off, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.07 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Study reported = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.15 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Internalizing problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 6.26 | Unadjusted mean = 6.87 | Mean difference = -0.61 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.49 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Other problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 7.38 | Unadjusted mean = 8.94 | Mean difference = -1.56 | Study reported = -0.29 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.06 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Sleep problems |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.95 | Unadjusted mean = 2.74 | Mean difference = -0.79 | Study reported = -0.33 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Somatic complaints, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.48 | Unadjusted mean = 1.67 | Mean difference = -0.19 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.49 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Total score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 25.11 | Unadjusted mean = 28.76 | Mean difference = -3.65 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.19 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Total score cut-off |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.00 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.07 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.39 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.22 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Withdrawn, Inverse Probability Weighted results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.15 | Unadjusted mean = 1.07 | Mean difference = 0.08 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.74 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model |
| High | Child receiving special services, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 0.06 | Unadjusted mean = 0.02 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | Developmental Profiles 3 (DP-3): Above average cut-off, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.54 | Mean difference = 0.12 | Study reported = 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | Developmental Profiles 3 (DP-3): Cognitive development standardized score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 116.51 | Unadjusted mean = 112.57 | Mean difference = 3.94 | Study reported = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.09 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI): Can combine words |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.93 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.88 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Study reported = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.28 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI): Vocabulary words produced |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 40.22 | Unadjusted mean = 39.33 | Mean difference = 0.89 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.85 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Uses any type of childcare |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.43 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.52 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Child eats fatty food daily, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.58 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | Child exposed to cigarette smoke |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.38 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.46 | Mean difference = -0.08 | Study reported = -0.17 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.30 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Child had chest infection in last 6 months, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.26 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.38 | Mean difference = -0.12 | Study reported = -0.26 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.10 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | Child has poor eating habits, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.32 | Mean difference = -0.11 | Study reported = -0.25 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.11 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | Child stayed in hospital for at least one day in last 6 months, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Study reported = -0.17 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.22 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | How often child drinks formula, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.89 | Unadjusted mean = 2.25 | Mean difference = -0.36 | Study reported = -0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.30 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | How often child eats dairy, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 6.64 | Unadjusted mean = 6.55 | Mean difference = 0.09 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.63 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | How often child eats fruits, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 6.72 | Unadjusted mean = 6.40 | Mean difference = 0.32 | Study reported = 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.11 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | How often child eats grains, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 6.44 | Unadjusted mean = 6.39 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.77 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | How often child eats other food (sugars and fats), Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 5.43 | Unadjusted mean = 5.25 | Mean difference = 0.18 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.38 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | How often child eats protein, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 5.95 | Unadjusted mean = 5.58 | Mean difference = 0.37 | Study reported = 0.34 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| High | How often child eats vegetables, Multiple Imputation results |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 6.09 | Unadjusted mean = 5.82 | Mean difference = 0.27 | Study reported = 0.23 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.13 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI) |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Equivalized weekly household income |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
152 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 216.44 | Unadjusted mean = 226.34 | Mean difference = -9.90 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Member of household has a medical card |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.74 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.69 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.48 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother currently in school |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.09 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.67 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother has postsecondary school education |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.74 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.60 | Mean difference = 0.14 | Study reported = 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.06 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother Junior Certificate complete |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
160 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.89 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.91 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.67 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother Leaving Certificate (final secondary school exam) complete |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
160 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.47 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.90 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother years in full time education |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
158 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 12.49 | Unadjusted mean = 12.34 | Mean difference = 0.15 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.53 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Receipt of One Parent Family benefit |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.44 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.40 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.60 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Receipt of social welfare |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.88 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.85 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.57 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Resides with grandparent |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
163 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Saves regularly |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
164 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.39 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.43 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.60 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Unemployment benefit |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.34 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.37 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.69 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Social worker working with family |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.08 | Mean difference = -0.06 | Study reported = -0.27 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.10 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 10.26 | Unadjusted mean = 10.56 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.53 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), 10 cut-off score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.23 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.31 | Mean difference = -0.08 | Study reported = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.25 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), past 7 days |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 6.67 | Unadjusted mean = 7.38 | Mean difference = -0.71 | Study reported = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.40 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Maternal History of Antisocial Behavior Scale, antisocial behavior as adult |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.05 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.76 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Meet friends most days |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
164 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.57 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.60 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.70 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother binge drinking (>6 units in a sitting at least once per week) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.22 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.25 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.65 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother currently a smoker |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.51 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.52 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.90 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother currently using a valid form of birth control |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.65 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.56 | Mean difference = 0.09 | Study reported = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.24 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother drank alcohol in past 6 months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.78 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.83 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.42 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother drug use in past 6 months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother more than 14 units of alcohol consumed per week |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.65 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother number of general practitioner visits |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
163 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 2.43 | Unadjusted mean = 1.78 | Mean difference = 0.65 | Study reported = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.17 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Mother pregnant (subsequent pregnancy) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.17 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Mean difference = 0.06 | Study reported = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.27 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parenting Stress Index (PSI): 90 cut-off score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.37 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Difficult child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 21.67 | Unadjusted mean = 22.68 | Mean difference = -1.01 | Study reported = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.35 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parent-child dysfunctional interactions |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 18.34 | Unadjusted mean = 18.92 | Mean difference = -0.58 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.52 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parental distress |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 25.90 | Unadjusted mean = 25.71 | Mean difference = 0.19 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.89 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Total score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 65.91 | Unadjusted mean = 67.31 | Mean difference = -1.40 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.63 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
166 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 13.45 | Unadjusted mean = 13.49 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Absence of hostility |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 4.36 | Unadjusted mean = 4.40 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.63 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Quality of attachment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 4.61 | Unadjusted mean = 4.57 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.50 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Total score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 84.16 | Unadjusted mean = 84.03 | Mean difference = 0.13 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.89 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Father has contact with child daily |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
163 mothers and children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.69 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.68 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Baby comparison score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 7.04 | Unadjusted mean = 6.41 | Mean difference = 0.63 | Study reported = 0.29 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental hostile-reactive behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 1.78 | Unadjusted mean = 1.94 | Mean difference = -0.16 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.51 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental impact |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 7.97 | Unadjusted mean = 7.50 | Mean difference = 0.47 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.21 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental over-protection |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 4.49 | Unadjusted mean = 4.23 | Mean difference = 0.26 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.45 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental self efficacy |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 8.74 | Unadjusted mean = 8.42 | Mean difference = 0.32 | Study reported = 0.29 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |
| High | Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental warmth |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample |
24 months old |
165 mothers and children | Unadjusted mean = 8.69 | Unadjusted mean = 8.48 | Mean difference = 0.21 | Study reported = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.36 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. |