Knox, V., & Michalopoulos, C. (2023). Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE), United States, 2012-2019. MIHOPE Model Results Documentation [Study 1, EHS contrast]. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37848.v3.
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 2 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Randomized controlled trial | Low | Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition |
No | No |
Yes |
The Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) included four evidence-based home visiting models; this review focuses on Early Head Start (EHS) and the findings in Knox & Michalopoulos, 2023. HomVEE has reviewed additional analyses from the MIHOPE evaluation under Michalopoulos et al., 2019. Some findings about the child’s weight received a low rating because they had high attrition and did not satisfy the baseline equivalence requirement. Some findings about the mother’s health, parenting practices, the child’s food security and attitudes toward the parent received an indeterminate rating because HomVEE could not assess whether the measures were reliable according to HomVEE standards. Information on sample sizes and reliability of the measures, along with information necessary to demonstrate baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups, is based on correspondence with the authors.
| Study participants | The Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE) is a national evaluation of the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Program. MIHOPE study participants were recruited from 2012 to 2015. Participants were eligible for the MIHOPE evaluation if they were pregnant or had children younger than 6 months old, were age 15 or older at enrollment, spoke English or Spanish proficiently, and met the relevant eligibility criteria for the local home visiting model. A total of 573 participants were recruited for the study in Early Head Start – Home Based (EHS–HBO) programs and randomly assigned to either the EHS–HBO intervention group (285 participants) or the comparison condition (288 participants). Up to 535 participants recruited for the study through EHS–HBO and one focal child each were included in the analyses: 264 in EHS–HBO and 271 in the comparison group. Outcomes were measured when the focal child was 15 months old. For the MIHOPE participants recruited through EHS–HBO programs, 17 percent of mothers were of Mexican origin, 7 percent were another Hispanic ethnicity, 31 percent were non-Hispanic White, 34 percent were non-Hispanic Black, and 11 percent identified as another race. Thirty-eight percent of mothers did not have a high school diploma at study enrollment. At enrollment, the average age of participating mothers recruited through EHS–HBO programs was 25. |
|---|---|
| Setting | The study took place in 12 states: California, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin. The study selected 19 local program affiliates that operated EHS–HBO and met program eligibility criteria. |
| Intervention services | As described in this manuscript, Early Head Start–Home-based option (EHS–HBO) consisted of weekly home visits. The manuscript does not provide any other information on the EHS–HBO programs in the study, including the intensity or length of services offered to participating families. Generally, the content and delivery of EHS–HBO vary, but the intervention has historically focused on providing continuous, intensive, and comprehensive child development and family support services; and families are eligible to receive services until the child’s third birthday. |
| Comparison conditions | Families assigned to the comparison condition were not eligible to enroll in the Early Head Start–Home-based option. They could receive other services available in the community. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Pregnancy status (pregnant or not pregnant at study enrollment) |
| Funding sources | This research was supported by the Administration for Children and Families, and funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under a competitive award, Contract No. HHS-HHSP23320095644WC. |
| Author affiliation | Authors are affiliated with MDRC and its subcontractors James Bell Associates, Johns Hopkins University, Mathematica, the University of Georgia, and Columbia University. HomVEE is not aware of any relationship between the authors and the home visiting model’s developer or distributor. |
| Peer reviewed | No |
Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02069782. SocialScienceRegistry.org Identifier: None found. Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies Identifier: None found. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE for Clinicaltrials.gov beginning with the 2014 review, and for other registries beginning with the 2021 review.
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), Total competence score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
468 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received any early intervention services (%) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
463 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Use of nonparental child care |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
455 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.07 | Study reported = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Any Medicaid-paid nonbirth hospitalizations |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
537 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.06 | Study reported = -0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Number of Medicaid-paid immunizations |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
445 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.70 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Primary care provider for the child (%) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
474 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Health insurance coverage for the mother |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
540 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received any transportation services |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
457 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.04 | Study reported = -0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received disability insurance during the past month |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
458 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received SNAP during the past month |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
458 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received TANF during the past month |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
457 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received WIC during the past month |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
458 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.05 | Study reported = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Current smoker |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
457 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. The study reported this finding was statistically significant (p = .02) prior to a multiple comparisons adjustment. |
| High | Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI-SF), Parent-child dysfunctional interaction |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
460 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Parenting Stress Index - Short Form (PSI-SF), Parental distress |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
460 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received any behavioral health services |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
456 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.04 | Study reported = -0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Substance use during the past three months |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
453 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.03 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Any substantiated maltreatment report |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
544 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Loss of custody |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
416 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Received any domestic violence services |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
457 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Received any services from a domestic violence shelter |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
457 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.53 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), Maternal experience with physical or sexual violence |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
456 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), Maternal perpetration of physical violence |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
456 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
| High | Women's Experience with Battering (WEB) Scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
15-month follow-up |
452 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |