Wagner, M., & Spiker, D. (2001). Experiences and outcomes for children and families: Multisite Parents as Teachers evaluation. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International. http://www.sri.com/policy/cehs/publications/humanpub/patfinal.pdf.
Model(s) Reviewed:
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Additional sources:
Wagner, M. (2001). The multisite evaluation of the Parents as Teachers home visiting program. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.
| Screening decision | Screening conclusion | HomVEE procedures and standards version |
|---|---|---|
| Passes screens | Eligible for review | Version 1 |
| Rating | Design | Attrition | Baseline equivalence | Compromised randomization | Confounding factors | Valid, reliable measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Randomized controlled trial | High | Established on race/ethnicity, SES, and mother’s mental health. | None | None | Not assessed in manuscripts reviewed before 2021 |
Notes:
In 2020, HomVEE updated this review in two ways. First, HomVEE moved the finding "child treated for injury in the past year" from the Child Health domain to the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain because the review initially misclassified it. HomVEE places findings related to medical care for injury and ingestions in the Reductions in Child Maltreatment domain. Second, HomVEE moved the finding "child was covered by health insurance" from the Child Health domain to the Family Economic Self-Sufficiency domain because ACF determined that health insurance coverage belongs in that domain.
| Study participants | The sample presented here includes 667 mothers with children who were assessed at 1 and 2 years of age. Across three sites, families with a child up to 8 months of age were recruited for enrollment in the Parents as Teachers (PAT) program. At the time of enrollment, mothers had an average education level of just over 12 years. Most study participants were African American (58%) or white (29%). The majority of households enrolled had an annual income of less than $15,000 (60%). Twenty-nine percent of children in the sample had two married parents. |
|---|---|
| Setting | Three local PAT programs participated in the evaluation: the first was located in an Eastern Seaboard rural community, the second was located in a mid-size Southern city, and the third was located in a large Western city. |
| Intervention services | Families enrolled in PAT received monthly home visits and other program services for as long as they remained in the program, up to the child’s third birthday. Among those families enrolled in PAT , 44% participated and remained in the program through the child’s second birthday (68% at Site 1, 35% at Site 2, and 31% at Site 3). |
| Comparison conditions | The comparison families received only the services that were normally available in the community and that they sought of their own accord. In addition, they received age-appropriate toys at regular quarterly intervals, which were used as a means of tracking their locations. |
| Subgroups examined |
This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Household income (less than $15,000 annually or $15,000 or more) |
| Funding sources | National Institute of Early Childhood Development and Education of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education; the Smith Richardson Foundation; the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. |
| Author affiliation | None of the study authors are developers of this model. |
| Peer reviewed | Peer reviewed status is not listed for manuscripts reviewed before 2021. |
Findings that rate moderate or high
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | DPII average months differential: cognitive development | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 children | Mean = 2.20 | Mean = 2.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | DPII average months differential: communication development | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 children | Mean = 4.90 | Mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | DPII average months differential: physical development | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 children | Mean = 2.90 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | DPII average months differential: self-help development | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 children | Mean = 6.10 | Mean = 6.00 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | DPII average months differential: social development | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 children | Mean = 4.90 | Mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 259 children | Mean = 72.30 | Mean = 70.80 | Mean difference = 1.50 | Study reported = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Child saw doctor for well-child care in past 6 months | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2 year | 265 children | % = 91.40 | % = 94.80 | = -3.40 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Moderate | Child was fully immunized | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2 year | 265 children | % = 26.30 | % = 19.00 | = 7.30 | Study reported = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Child went to the emergency room | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2 year | 265 children | % = 38.50 | % = 50.60 | = -12.10 | Study reported = -0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Child covered by health insurance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2 year | 265 children | % = 79.80 | % = 84.80 | = -4.60 | Study reported = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | AAPI average child maltreatment precursor scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 267 mothers | Mean = 18.30 | Mean = 18.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | AAPI average child maltreatment precursor scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean = 19.10 | Mean = 19.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 6.00 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 6.00 | Mean = 6.20 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 7.90 | Mean = 7.40 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 5.00 | Mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 4.10 | Mean = 4.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 3.70 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 5.30 | Mean = 5.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 6.80 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.60 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME parental responsivity subcale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 9.40 | Mean = 9.30 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME subscale related to language- and literacy-promoting behaviors (range = 0 to 8) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 5.50 | Mean = 5.30 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME subscale related to language- and literacy-promoting behaviors (range = 0 to 8) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 mothers | Mean = 6.50 | Mean = 6.10 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME subscale: parental responsivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 8.50 | Mean = 8.50 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME total scale (range = 0 to 45) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 37.70 | Mean = 36.40 | Mean difference = 1.30 | Study reported = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | HOME total scale (range = 0 to 45) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 34.10 | Mean = 34.20 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 |
|
| Moderate | NCAST, total scale score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 254 mothers | Mean = 52.60 | Mean = 52.90 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.41 |
|
| Moderate | PSOC parenting efficacy subscale (range = 8 to 32) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 267 mothers | Mean = 28.70 | Mean = 28.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | PSOC parenting efficacy subscale (range = 8 to 32) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean = 28.60 | Mean = 28.80 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | PSOC satisfaction subscale (range = 9 to 36) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean = 25.90 | Mean = 26.80 | Mean difference = -0.90 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | PSOC satisfaction subscale (range = 9 to 36) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 267 mothers | Mean = 25.50 | Mean = 25.70 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | PSOC total scale (range = 17 to 68) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 267 mothers | Mean = 54.20 | Mean = 54.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | PSOC total scale (range = 17 to 68) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean = 54.40 | Mean = 55.60 | Mean difference = -1.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Language literacy numeracy promotion scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 mothers | Mean = 20.00 | Mean = 19.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Language literacy numeracy promotion scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 19.00 | Mean = 18.50 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent Observation Scale (range 1 to 4; 4 = more observant) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 267 mothers | Mean = 3.80 | Mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent Observation Scale (range 1 to 4; 4 = more observant) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 340 mothers | Mean = 3.70 | Mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent reads books with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 261 mothers | Mean = 3.20 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent reads books with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 327 mothers | Mean = 3.00 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent talks to/asks child questions during reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 327 mothers | Mean = 3.30 | Mean = 3.10 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent talks to/asks child questions during reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 261 mothers | Mean = 3.60 | Mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent tell stories sings with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parent tell stories sings with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge all items (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 268 mothers | Mean % = 77.70 | Mean % = 75.90 | Mean difference = 1.80 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge all items (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean % = 78.80 | Mean % = 80.00 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge child care and safety (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 268 mothers | Mean % = 74.30 | Mean % = 74.60 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge child care and safety (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean % = 84.00 | Mean % = 85.50 | Mean difference = -1.50 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge discipline (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 268 mothers | Mean % = 75.40 | Mean % = 75.80 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge discipline (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean % = 84.80 | Mean % = 85.20 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge emotional development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 268 mothers | Mean % = 79.80 | Mean % = 75.10 | Mean difference = 4.70 | Study reported = 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge emotional development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean % = 75.50 | Mean % = 77.90 | Mean difference = -2.40 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge general child development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 268 mothers | Mean % = 74.00 | Mean % = 71.90 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge general child development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean % = 82.40 | Mean % = 80.30 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge language/cognitive development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 268 mothers | Mean % = 79.90 | Mean % = 78.70 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | Parental knowledge language/cognitive development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 344 mothers | Mean % = 70.70 | Mean % = 73.90 | Mean difference = -3.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | While doing everyday things parent counts things or uses numbers with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | While doing everyday things parent counts things or uses numbers with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.10 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | While doing everyday things parent reads aloud to child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 2.80 | Mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | While doing everyday things parent reads aloud to child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.10 | Mean = 2.90 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | While doing everyday things parent talks to/asks child questions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 1-year assessment | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.30 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Moderate | While doing everyday things parent talks to/asks child questions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2-year assessment | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.30 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Rating | Outcome measure | Effect | Sample | Timing of follow-up | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Child treated for injury in the past year | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Three-site sample | 2 year | 265 children | % = 5.50 | % = 11.00 | = -5.50 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |