Manuscript Detail | Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., Knudtson, M. D., Miller, T., Cole, R., Hopfer, C., & Conti, G. (2019). Prenatal and infancy nurse home visiting effects on mothers: 18-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 144(6), 12. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3889

Model(s) Reviewed: Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®

Manuscript screening details
Screening decision	Screening conclusion	HomVEE procedures and standards version
Passes screens	Eligible for review	Version 2

Study design details
Rating	Design	Attrition	Baseline equivalence	Compromised randomization	Confounding factors	Valid, reliable measure(s)
High	Randomized controlled trial	Low	Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition	No	No	Yes

Notes:

Findings for math achievement measured at ages 6, 12, and 18 received a low rating because they did not meet the HomVEE reliability standards. Findings for nonverbal intelligence measured at ages 6 and 18, sustained attention measured at ages 12 and 18, working memory measured at age 18, risky decision making measured at age 18, and time to substance use disorder measured at age 18 received an indeterminate rating because HomVEE could not confirm the reliability of the measures. Information on sample sizes, reliability and validity of measures, and proportions for the impact estimates is based on correspondence with the authors.

Study characteristics
Study participants	Participants were recruited from an obstetric and pediatric care clinic in Memphis, Tennessee. To be eligible, the participants had to be pregnant (< 29 weeks’ gestation), have no previous live births, and have at least two sociodemographic risk factors (unmarried, no high school diploma, or unemployed). They were randomized to either the Nurse-Family Partnership intervention (228 participants) or the comparison condition (514 participants). Children born to the participants who were randomized were included in the analyses in this manuscript (194 youth born to mothers in the intervention group and 435 youth born to mothers in the comparison group). Participants were in the study from the time of enrollment during pregnancy until the focal child was 24 months old. Outcomes were measured when youth were ages 6, 12, and 18. In the study, 92 percent of the participants were African American; at enrollment, 98 percent were unmarried, 64 percent were younger than 18 years of age, and 85 percent were from households with incomes below the federal poverty guideline.
Setting	The study took place in Memphis, Tennessee.
Intervention services	As described in this manuscript, the Nurse-Family Partnership intervention consisted of prenatal and infancy home visits until the focal child was 24 months old. Participants also received free transportation for scheduled prenatal care. Children received developmental screening and referral at ages 6, 12, and 24 months. All participants received four weekly home visits at the beginning of the intervention to establish a relationship with the nurse. The initial visits focused on mothers’ aspirations, concerns about their prenatal health, the developing fetus, birth, and the challenges of caring for a newborn. To address individual needs revealed in the visits, nurses used their clinical judgment to adjust the dosage and content of the visit, and used telephone communications when in-person visits were not possible. Nurses completed an average of seven home visits during pregnancy and 26 visits during the first two years postpartum. All visits took place in the families’ homes.
Comparison conditions	Participants assigned to the comparison condition were not eligible to receive home visits through Nurse-Family Partnership. They received free transportation for scheduled prenatal care. The children in the study received developmental screening and referral at ages 6, 12, and 24 months.
Subgroups examined	This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Mother has high psychological resources (yes or no)
Funding sources	This research was supported by Award Number R01DA021624 from the National Institutes of Health.
Author affiliation	The study authors are affiliated with the University of Rochester, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Pennsylvania State University, New York University, Columbia University, Brown University, Curtin University, and University College London. David Olds, one of the authors of the manuscript, is a developer of the Nurse-Family Partnership home visiting model.
Peer reviewed	Yes

Study Registration:

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00708695. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE for Clinicaltrials.gov beginning with the 2014 review, and for other registries beginning with the 2021 review.

Findings that rate moderate or high

Family economic self-sufficiency
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Months mother worked per year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	4.5 years	646 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 1.98	Unadjusted mean = 1.56	Mean difference = 0.42	HomVEE calculated = 0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.19	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Months mother worked per year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	6 years	649 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 5.94	Unadjusted mean = 5.99	Mean difference = -0.05	HomVEE calculated = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Months mother worked per year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	9 years	640 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.76	Unadjusted mean = 7.33	Mean difference = -0.57	HomVEE calculated = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.11	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Months mother worked per year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	12 years	642 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 7.09	Unadjusted mean = 7.71	Mean difference = -0.62	HomVEE calculated = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.11	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Months mother worked per year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	618 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 7.68	Unadjusted mean = 7.98	Mean difference = -0.30	HomVEE calculated = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.43	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Months mother worked per year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	2 years	641 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.60	Unadjusted mean = 0.47	Mean difference = 0.13	HomVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.46	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Months mother's current spouse employed	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	604 mothers	Adjusted mean = 39.62	Adjusted mean = 25.66	Mean difference = 13.96	Study reported = 0.22	Statistically significant, p= 0.01	Author-reported effect size is Cohen's d.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	13 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.57	Unadjusted mean = 6.78	Mean difference = -0.21	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.64	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	3 years	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 10.91	Unadjusted mean = 11.06	Mean difference = -0.15	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	13 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 5.78	Unadjusted mean = 6.12	Mean difference = -0.34	HomVEE calculated = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.43	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	3 years	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 9.96	Unadjusted mean = 10.07	Mean difference = -0.11	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.69	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	8 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.98	Unadjusted mean = 5.55	Mean difference = -0.57	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.15	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	16 years	629 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.03	Unadjusted mean = 2.70	Mean difference = 0.33	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.40	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	6 years	641 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.94	Unadjusted mean = 5.42	Mean difference = -0.48	HomVEE calculated = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.31	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	9 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 7.00	Unadjusted mean = 7.11	Mean difference = -0.11	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.80	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	11 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.88	Unadjusted mean = 4.14	Mean difference = -0.26	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.55	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	1 year	667 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.81	Unadjusted mean = 7.24	Mean difference = -0.43	HomVEE calculated = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.28	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	14 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.76	Unadjusted mean = 6.92	Mean difference = -0.16	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.72	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	4 years	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 10.83	Unadjusted mean = 11.30	Mean difference = -0.47	HomVEE calculated = -0.18	Statistically significant, p = 0.04	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	14 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.10	Unadjusted mean = 6.32	Mean difference = -0.22	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.61	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	4 years	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 8.26	Unadjusted mean = 8.95	Mean difference = -0.69	HomVEE calculated = -0.17	Statistically significant, p < 0.05	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	17 years	606 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.77	Unadjusted mean = 2.53	Mean difference = 0.24	HomVEE calculated = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	7 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.96	Unadjusted mean = 4.17	Mean difference = -0.21	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.60	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	9 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.81	Unadjusted mean = 5.25	Mean difference = -0.44	HomVEE calculated = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.25	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	12 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.16	Unadjusted mean = 3.89	Mean difference = 0.27	HomVEE calculated = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.54	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	2 years	667 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 7.37	Unadjusted mean = 8.10	Mean difference = -0.73	HomVEE calculated = -0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.06	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	15 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 5.72	Unadjusted mean = 5.97	Mean difference = -0.25	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.55	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	5 years	619 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.66	Unadjusted mean = 7.44	Mean difference = -0.78	HomVEE calculated = -0.19	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	15 years	628 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.40	Unadjusted mean = 6.75	Mean difference = -0.35	HomVEE calculated = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.43	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	5 years	619 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 9.11	Unadjusted mean = 9.78	Mean difference = -0.67	HomVEE calculated = -0.22	Statistically significant, p = 0.01	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	10 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.21	Unadjusted mean = 6.69	Mean difference = -0.48	HomVEE calculated = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.26	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	601 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.18	Unadjusted mean = 2.24	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.87	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	10 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.15	Unadjusted mean = 5.07	Mean difference = -0.92	HomVEE calculated = -0.21	Statistically significant, p = 0.01	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	13 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.01	Unadjusted mean = 3.77	Mean difference = 0.24	HomVEE calculated = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.59	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	3 years	667 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 8.00	Unadjusted mean = 8.36	Mean difference = -0.36	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.35	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	8 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.54	Unadjusted mean = 4.45	Mean difference = 0.09	HomVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.84	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	16 years	629 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 5.58	Unadjusted mean = 5.61	Mean difference = -0.03	HomVEE calculated = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.94	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	16 years	608 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.31	Unadjusted mean = 6.59	Mean difference = -0.28	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	6 years	641 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 9.04	Unadjusted mean = 9.61	Mean difference = -0.57	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.14	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	11 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.07	Unadjusted mean = 6.78	Mean difference = -0.71	HomVEE calculated = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.10	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	1 year	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 11.03	Unadjusted mean = 11.32	Mean difference = -0.29	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.15	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	11 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.57	Unadjusted mean = 5.45	Mean difference = -0.88	HomVEE calculated = -0.19	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	1 year	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 9.32	Unadjusted mean = 9.37	Mean difference = -0.05	HomVEE calculated = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.88	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	6 years	641 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.42	Unadjusted mean = 7.28	Mean difference = -0.86	HomVEE calculated = -0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	14 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.71	Unadjusted mean = 3.68	Mean difference = 0.03	HomVEE calculated = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.95	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	4 years	667 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.05	Unadjusted mean = 7.23	Mean difference = -1.18	HomVEE calculated = -0.27	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	9 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.23	Unadjusted mean = 4.31	Mean difference = -0.08	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.86	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	17 years	606 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.17	Unadjusted mean = 6.01	Mean difference = 0.16	HomVEE calculated = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.71	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	17 years	603 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.80	Unadjusted mean = 6.90	Mean difference = -0.10	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.83	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	7 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 7.32	Unadjusted mean = 7.60	Mean difference = -0.28	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.50	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	12 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.99	Unadjusted mean = 7.06	Mean difference = -0.07	HomVEE calculated = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.88	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	2 years	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 10.88	Unadjusted mean = 11.16	Mean difference = -0.28	HomVEE calculated = -0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.21	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	12 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 5.54	Unadjusted mean = 5.84	Mean difference = -0.30	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.48	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	2 years	643 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 9.74	Unadjusted mean = 10.13	Mean difference = -0.39	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.16	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	7 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 5.57	Unadjusted mean = 6.16	Mean difference = -0.59	HomVEE calculated = -0.13	Not statistically significant, p = 0.13	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	15 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.68	Unadjusted mean = 2.93	Mean difference = 0.75	HomVEE calculated = 0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	5 years	622 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 5.62	Unadjusted mean = 5.75	Mean difference = -0.13	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.71	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	10 years	636 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.94	Unadjusted mean = 4.32	Mean difference = -0.38	HomVEE calculated = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.38	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	601 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.88	Unadjusted mean = 6.69	Mean difference = 0.19	HomVEE calculated = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.67	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	603 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.50	Unadjusted mean = 6.95	Mean difference = -0.45	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.34	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP) - Number of months using the service/benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	8 years	634 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 7.21	Unadjusted mean = 7.46	Mean difference = -0.25	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.56	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Maternal health
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Beck Anxiety Screening Inventory, clinical or borderline threshold	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	617 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.09	Adjusted proportion = 0.10	Odds ratio = 0.94	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p= 0.82	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Beck Depression Screening Inventory, Maternal depression, clinical or borderline threshold	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	617 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.09	Adjusted proportion = 0.08	Odds ratio = 1.12	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p= 0.72	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI), current substance use	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	617 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.24	Adjusted proportion = 0.27	Odds ratio = 0.87	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p= 0.49	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	1 year	694 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.00	Adjusted mean = 0.04	Mean difference = -0.04	HomVEE calculated = -0.30	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	17 years	618 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.09	Adjusted mean = 2.17	Mean difference = -0.08	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.57	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	12 years	643 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.87	Adjusted mean = 1.93	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.62	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	7 years	660 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.23	Adjusted mean = 1.38	Mean difference = -0.15	HomVEE calculated = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.08	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	2 years	686 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.15	Adjusted mean = 0.24	Mean difference = -0.09	HomVEE calculated = -0.25	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	574 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.12	Adjusted mean = 2.21	Mean difference = -0.09	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.54	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	13 years	629 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.94	Adjusted mean = 2.00	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.64	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	8 years	658 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.41	Adjusted mean = 1.54	Mean difference = -0.13	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.17	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	3 years	681 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.39	Adjusted mean = 0.53	Mean difference = -0.14	HomVEE calculated = -0.25	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	14 years	618 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.99	Adjusted mean = 2.05	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	9 years	658 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.55	Adjusted mean = 1.65	Mean difference = -0.10	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.32	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	4 years	681 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.62	Adjusted mean = 0.78	Mean difference = -0.16	HomVEE calculated = -0.24	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	15 years	618 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.03	Adjusted mean = 2.09	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.66	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	10 years	645 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.68	Adjusted mean = 1.74	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.58	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	5 years	670 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.83	Adjusted mean = 1.00	Mean difference = -0.17	HomVEE calculated = -0.22	Statistically significant, p = 0.01	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	16 years	618 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.07	Adjusted mean = 2.13	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.67	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	11 years	643 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.78	Adjusted mean = 1.85	Mean difference = -0.07	HomVEE calculated = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.54	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mothers' subsequent births	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	6 years	668 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.05	Adjusted mean = 1.20	Mean difference = -0.15	HomVEE calculated = -0.17	Statistically significant, p < 0.05	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Pearlin Mastery Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	9 years	625 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 100.37	Unadjusted mean = 99.83	Mean difference = 0.54	HomVEE calculated = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Pearlin Mastery Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	12 years	582 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 100.59	Unadjusted mean = 99.71	Mean difference = 0.88	HomVEE calculated = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.32	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Pearlin Mastery Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	36th week of pregnancy	657 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 101.00	Unadjusted mean = 99.56	Mean difference = 1.44	HomVEE calculated = 0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.09	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Pearlin Mastery Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	18 years	616 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 100.74	Adjusted proportion = 99.69	Mean difference = 1.05	Study reported = 1.98	Not statistically significant, p= 0.19
High	Pearlin Mastery Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	6 months	666 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 100.47	Unadjusted mean = 99.82	Mean difference = 0.65	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.44	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Pearlin Mastery Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	2 years	670 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 101.28	Unadjusted mean = 99.41	Mean difference = 1.87	HomVEE calculated = 0.19	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Pearlin Mastery Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2015, full sample	6 years	635 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 100.26	Unadjusted mean = 99.87	Mean difference = 0.39	HomVEE calculated = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.