Manuscript Detail | Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2013). Preparing For Life: Early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at twenty-four months. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

Model(s) Reviewed: Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

Manuscript screening details
Screening decision	Screening conclusion	HomVEE procedures and standards version
Passes screens	Eligible for review	Version 2

Study design details
Rating	Design	Attrition	Baseline equivalence	Compromised randomization	Confounding factors	Valid, reliable measure(s)
High	Randomized controlled trial	Low	Not assessed for randomized controlled trials with low attrition	No	No	Yes

Notes:

Information on how certain measures were constructed and their reliability were based on correspondence with the author. Several findings not reported in the tables below received a low rating because they did not satisfy the reliability requirement. HomVEE’s calculations for statistical significance are used because authors’ calculations are based on one-tailed statistical tests. Findings about mothers’ civic engagement, partnership status, household size, child number of siblings, and whether the mother knows the baby’s weight are ineligible for review because they do not fall in one of HomVEE’s eligible outcome domains. Findings for child number of health problems for which they were taken to doctor/health center/casualty and child received medical attention for wheezing or asthma are duplicates of those reported in Doyle et al. (2015) and are reported under that peer-reviewed manuscript.

Study characteristics
Study participants	Study participants were pregnant women recruited in a maternity hospital or in the community. A total of 233 pregnant women were randomly assigned to either the Preparing for Life—Home Visiting group that received home visiting services (“high PFL”; 115 participants) or the comparison condition that did not receive home visiting services (“low PFL”; 118 participants). The study included a total of 166 participants, 82 in the high PFL group and 84 in the low PFL comparison group. Outcomes were measured when the children in the sample were 24 months old. At intake, the average age of the mothers was 25. The percentage of mothers identifying as Irish was 96 percent, and 4 percent identified as Irish Traveller. About half of the women were first-time mothers.
Setting	The study took place in North Dublin, Ireland.
Intervention services	Preparing for Life—Home Visiting provided home visits that lasted 30 minutes to two hours during the mother’s pregnancy and until the child started school at age 5. The majority of participants received visits every two weeks, though some participants received services monthly. The home visitor was a trained Preparing for Life mentor. The mentor provided information by using tip sheets and worked with participants to resolve issues around the child’s development, including the child’s prebirth development, nutrition, rest and routine, and cognitive and social development. The mentor also addressed the mother and her supports. Participants had access to baby massage sessions until the child was 10 months old. Participants also received packages of materials, including home safety items (corner guards, angle latches, heat-sensitive spoons, and baby gym/play mats) and toys (puzzles, activity toys, and bricks), worth about 100 Euros per package.
Comparison conditions	Participants in the low PFL (comparison) group did not have access to the home visiting services or tip sheets. The comparison group did, however, receive some of the same resources made available to the high PFL (intervention) group, including the package of safety items and toys. These participants had access to an information officer who met with participants before the child’s birth and at various intervals after birth and provided information on Preparing for Life community events and other local services. Participants in the comparison group had access to public health workshops, such as a stress-control program and a healthy food program.
Subgroups examined	This field lists subgroups examined in the manuscript (even if they were not replicated in other samples and not reported on the summary page for this model’s report). • Child gender (boy or girl) • Parity (primiparous) • Relationship status (single parent) • Cognitive resources of mother (high or low as measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) • Emotional well-being level of mother (high or low as measured by the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index) • Maternal substance use/disorder (smoked or drank during pregnancy) • Maternal familial risk (high as measured by a survey of household domestic risks)
Funding sources	The Atlantic Philanthropies and the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (Ireland) supported the research.
Author affiliation	Dr. Doyle and the Preparing for Life Evaluation team are affiliated with the University College Dublin Geary Institute for Public Policy. The authors were contracted by the home visiting model developers to evaluate Preparing for Life—Home Visiting.
Peer reviewed	No

Study Registration:

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: None found. SocialScienceRegistry.org Identifier: None found. Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies Identifier: None found. Study registration was assessed by HomVEE for Clinicaltrials.gov beginning with the 2014 review, and for other registries beginning with the 2021 review.

Findings that rate moderate or high

Child development and school readiness
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Communication cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Unadjusted proportion = 0.07	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p = 0.37	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Communication score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 52.87	Unadjusted mean = 53.21	Mean difference = -0.34	Study reported = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.86	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Gross motor cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.06	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = 0.02	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.56	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Gross motor score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 54.39	Unadjusted mean = 54.76	Mean difference = -0.37	Study reported = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.78	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Social-emotional cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.12	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.84	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): Social-emotional score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 29.09	Unadjusted mean = 28.10	Mean difference = 0.99	Study reported = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.80	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Competence cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Unadjusted proportion = 0.10	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.83	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Competence score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 18.18	Unadjusted mean = 18.36	Mean difference = -0.18	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.67	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Dysregulation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 2.71	Unadjusted mean = 3.49	Mean difference = -0.78	Study reported = -0.29	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): External problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.76	Unadjusted mean = 1.90	Mean difference = -0.14	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.68	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Internal problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.67	Unadjusted mean = 2.05	Mean difference = -0.38	Study reported = -0.22	Not statistically significant, p = 0.16	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Problem cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.12	Unadjusted proportion = 0.23	Mean difference = -0.11	Study reported = -0.28	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Problem score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 8.20	Unadjusted mean = 9.86	Mean difference = -1.66	Study reported = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p = 0.12	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA): Red flag	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 2.80	Unadjusted mean = 3.20	Mean difference = -0.40	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.37	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Aggressive behavior	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 7.56	Unadjusted mean = 8.04	Mean difference = -0.48	Study reported = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.59	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Anxious/depressed, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.89	Unadjusted mean = 2.08	Mean difference = -0.19	Study reported = -0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.48	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Attention problems	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.96	Unadjusted mean = 2.18	Mean difference = -0.22	Study reported = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.44	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Emotionally reactive, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.74	Unadjusted mean = 2.05	Mean difference = -0.31	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.36	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Externalizing problems cut-off, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.00	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.27	Not statistically significant, p = 0.29	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Externalizing problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 9.52	Unadjusted mean = 10.21	Mean difference = -0.69	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Internalizing problems cut-off, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.02	Unadjusted proportion = 0.07	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.22	Not statistically significant, p = 0.15	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Internalizing problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 6.26	Unadjusted mean = 6.87	Mean difference = -0.61	Study reported = -0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.49	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Other problems, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 7.38	Unadjusted mean = 8.94	Mean difference = -1.56	Study reported = -0.29	Not statistically significant, p = 0.06	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Sleep problems	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.95	Unadjusted mean = 2.74	Mean difference = -0.79	Study reported = -0.33	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Somatic complaints, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.48	Unadjusted mean = 1.67	Mean difference = -0.19	Study reported = -0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.49	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 25.11	Unadjusted mean = 28.76	Mean difference = -3.65	Study reported = -0.20	Not statistically significant, p = 0.19	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Total score cut-off	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.00	Unadjusted proportion = 0.07	Mean difference = -0.07	Study reported = -0.39	Not statistically significant, p = 0.22	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Withdrawn, Inverse Probability Weighted results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.15	Unadjusted mean = 1.07	Mean difference = 0.08	Study reported = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.74	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model
High	Child receiving special services, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 0.06	Unadjusted mean = 0.02	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.20	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Developmental Profiles 3 (DP-3): Above average cut-off, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.66	Unadjusted proportion = 0.54	Mean difference = 0.12	Study reported = 0.25	Not statistically significant, p = 0.12	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Developmental Profiles 3 (DP-3): Cognitive development standardized score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 116.51	Unadjusted mean = 112.57	Mean difference = 3.94	Study reported = 0.27	Not statistically significant, p = 0.09	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI): Can combine words	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.93	Unadjusted proportion = 0.88	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.28	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI): Vocabulary words produced	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 40.22	Unadjusted mean = 39.33	Mean difference = 0.89	Study reported = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.85	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Uses any type of childcare	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.43	Unadjusted proportion = 0.48	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Child health
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Child eats fatty food daily, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.58	Unadjusted proportion = 0.48	Mean difference = 0.10	Study reported = 0.21	Not statistically significant, p = 0.20	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child exposed to cigarette smoke	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.38	Unadjusted proportion = 0.46	Mean difference = -0.08	Study reported = -0.17	Not statistically significant, p = 0.30	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Child had chest infection in last 6 months, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.26	Unadjusted proportion = 0.38	Mean difference = -0.12	Study reported = -0.26	Not statistically significant, p = 0.10	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child has poor eating habits, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.21	Unadjusted proportion = 0.32	Mean difference = -0.11	Study reported = -0.25	Not statistically significant, p = 0.11	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	Child stayed in hospital for at least one day in last 6 months, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.02	Unadjusted proportion = 0.06	Mean difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.17	Not statistically significant, p = 0.22	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	How often child drinks formula, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.89	Unadjusted mean = 2.25	Mean difference = -0.36	Study reported = -0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.30	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	How often child eats dairy, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 6.64	Unadjusted mean = 6.55	Mean difference = 0.09	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.63	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	How often child eats fruits, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 6.72	Unadjusted mean = 6.40	Mean difference = 0.32	Study reported = 0.25	Not statistically significant, p = 0.11	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	How often child eats grains, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 6.44	Unadjusted mean = 6.39	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.77	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	How often child eats other food (sugars and fats), Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 5.43	Unadjusted mean = 5.25	Mean difference = 0.18	Study reported = 0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.38	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	How often child eats protein, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 5.95	Unadjusted mean = 5.58	Mean difference = 0.37	Study reported = 0.34	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)
High	How often child eats vegetables, Multiple Imputation results	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 6.09	Unadjusted mean = 5.82	Mean difference = 0.27	Study reported = 0.23	Not statistically significant, p = 0.13	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Family economic self-sufficiency
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Equivalized weekly household income	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	152 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 216.44	Unadjusted mean = 226.34	Mean difference = -9.90	Study reported = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.56	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Member of household has a medical card	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.74	Unadjusted proportion = 0.69	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.48	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother currently in school	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.09	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.67	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother has postsecondary school education	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.74	Unadjusted proportion = 0.60	Mean difference = 0.14	Study reported = 0.31	Not statistically significant, p = 0.06	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother Junior Certificate complete	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	160 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.89	Unadjusted proportion = 0.91	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.67	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother Leaving Certificate (final secondary school exam) complete	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	160 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.47	Unadjusted proportion = 0.48	Mean difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.90	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother years in full time education	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	158 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 12.49	Unadjusted mean = 12.34	Mean difference = 0.15	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Receipt of One Parent Family benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.44	Unadjusted proportion = 0.40	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.60	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Receipt of social welfare	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.88	Unadjusted proportion = 0.85	Mean difference = 0.03	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.57	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Resides with grandparent	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	163 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.24	Unadjusted proportion = 0.24	Mean difference = 0.00	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Saves regularly	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	164 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.39	Unadjusted proportion = 0.43	Mean difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.60	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Unemployment benefit	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.34	Unadjusted proportion = 0.37	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.69	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Linkages and referrals
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Social worker working with family	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.02	Unadjusted proportion = 0.08	Mean difference = -0.06	Study reported = -0.27	Not statistically significant, p = 0.10	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Maternal health
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 10.26	Unadjusted mean = 10.56	Mean difference = -0.30	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), 10 cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.23	Unadjusted proportion = 0.31	Mean difference = -0.08	Study reported = -0.18	Not statistically significant, p = 0.25	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), past 7 days	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 6.67	Unadjusted mean = 7.38	Mean difference = -0.71	Study reported = -0.13	Not statistically significant, p = 0.40	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Maternal History of Antisocial Behavior Scale, antisocial behavior as adult	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Unadjusted proportion = 0.05	Mean difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.76	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Meet friends most days	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	164 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.57	Unadjusted proportion = 0.60	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.70	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother binge drinking (>6 units in a sitting at least once per week)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.22	Unadjusted proportion = 0.25	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother currently a smoker	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.51	Unadjusted proportion = 0.52	Mean difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.90	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother currently using a valid form of birth control	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.65	Unadjusted proportion = 0.56	Mean difference = 0.09	Study reported = 0.18	Not statistically significant, p = 0.24	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother drank alcohol in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.78	Unadjusted proportion = 0.83	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.42	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother drug use in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = 0.00	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother more than 14 units of alcohol consumed per week	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.21	Unadjusted proportion = 0.24	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother number of general practitioner visits	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	163 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 2.43	Unadjusted mean = 1.78	Mean difference = 0.65	Study reported = 0.21	Not statistically significant, p = 0.17	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Mother pregnant (subsequent pregnancy)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.17	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Mean difference = 0.06	Study reported = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.27	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parenting Stress Index (PSI): 90 cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.02	Unadjusted proportion = 0.12	Mean difference = -0.10	Study reported = -0.37	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Difficult child	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 21.67	Unadjusted mean = 22.68	Mean difference = -1.01	Study reported = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.35	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parent-child dysfunctional interactions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 18.34	Unadjusted mean = 18.92	Mean difference = -0.58	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parental distress	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 25.90	Unadjusted mean = 25.71	Mean difference = 0.19	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 65.91	Unadjusted mean = 67.31	Mean difference = -1.40	Study reported = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.63	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 13.45	Unadjusted mean = 13.49	Mean difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.93	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Positive parenting practices
Rating	Outcome measure	Effect	Sample	Timing of follow-up	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
High	Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Absence of hostility	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 4.36	Unadjusted mean = 4.40	Mean difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.63	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Quality of attachment	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 4.61	Unadjusted mean = 4.57	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.50	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 84.16	Unadjusted mean = 84.03	Mean difference = 0.13	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Father has contact with child daily	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	163 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.66	Unadjusted proportion = 0.69	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.68	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Baby comparison score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 7.04	Unadjusted mean = 6.41	Mean difference = 0.63	Study reported = 0.29	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental hostile-reactive behavior	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.78	Unadjusted mean = 1.94	Mean difference = -0.16	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.51	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental impact	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 7.97	Unadjusted mean = 7.50	Mean difference = 0.47	Study reported = 0.20	Not statistically significant, p = 0.21	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental over-protection	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 4.49	Unadjusted mean = 4.23	Mean difference = 0.26	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.45	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental self efficacy	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 8.74	Unadjusted mean = 8.42	Mean difference = 0.32	Study reported = 0.29	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
High	Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental warmth	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	24 months old	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 8.69	Unadjusted mean = 8.48	Mean difference = 0.21	Study reported = 0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.36	HomVEE calculated significance Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.