Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol)
This report focuses on Healthy Steps as implemented in the 1996 evaluation. HHS has determined that home visiting is not the primary service delivery strategy and the model does not meet current requirements for MIECHV program implementation.
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2011
Effects shown in research
Positive parenting practices
Findings rated high
159
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol)
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Car seat in back seat | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-4 mo. | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1987 mothers | Mean = 0.90 | Mean = 0.90 | OR = 1.08 | HomVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Followed at least 2 routines | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-4 mo. | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1987 mothers | Mean = 0.94 | Mean = 0.93 | OR = 1.27 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Lowered water temperature | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-4 mo. | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1987 mothers | Mean = 0.31 | Mean = 0.33 | OR = 0.93 | HomVEE calculated = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Played with baby daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-4 mo. | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1987 mothers | Mean = 0.93 | Mean = 0.93 | OR = 1.02 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Showed picture books daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-4 mo. | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1987 mothers | Mean = 0.28 | Mean = 0.27 | OR = 1.08 | HomVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Used wrong sleep position | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-4 mo. | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1987 mothers | Mean = 0.11 | Mean = 0.14 | OR = 0.76 | HomVEE calculated = -0.17 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
269
Healthy Steps - PrePare supplement relative to Healthy Steps only subgroup
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covers on electrical outlets | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.95 | Mean = 0.91 | OR = 1.06 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Discipline by ever slapping face or spanking with object | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.01 | Mean = 0.03 | OR = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.98 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Environment with tobacco smoke | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 0.10 | Mean = 0.07 | OR = 1.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Followed 3 routines, 2 if no nap | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.80 | Mean = 0.91 | OR = 1.02 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Has access to poison control center telephone number | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.96 | Mean = 0.96 | OR = 1.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Health care self-efficacy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 17.00 | Mean = 17.00 | Mean difference = -0.14 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Injury prevention index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 4.86 | Mean = 4.81 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parenting Behavior Checklist: Nurturing subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 58.70 | Mean = 60.20 | Mean difference = -1.35 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parenting sense of competence | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 239 mothers | Mean = 47.10 | Mean = 47.60 | Mean difference = -0.69 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Play with child at least daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.97 | Mean = 0.99 | OR = 0.98 | HomVEE calculated = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Read to child at least daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.88 | Mean = 0.95 | OR = 0.92 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Safety latches on cabinets | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.63 | Mean = 0.71 | OR = 0.87 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Use stair gate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.32 | Mean = 0.34 | OR = 0.99 | HomVEE calculated = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Watch television more than one hr. per day | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
30 months | Healthy Steps sample | 232 mothers | Mean = 0.39 | Mean = 0.28 | OR = 1.35 | HomVEE calculated = 0.18 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
269
Healthy Steps - PrePare supplement relative to Healthy Steps only subgroup
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KIDI score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.82 | Mean = 0.83 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Endorsed appropriate discipline | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.90 | Mean = 0.90 | OR = 1.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Home Safety Index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 6.29 | Mean = 6.27 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Knowledge of sleep positions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.97 | Mean = 0.98 | OR = 0.60 | HomVEE calculated = -0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parenting sense of competence | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 47.30 | Mean = 48.05 | Mean difference = -0.70 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Read with infant in past week | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.78 | Mean = 0.80 | OR = 0.98 | HomVEE calculated = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Role satisfaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.98 | Mean = 0.98 | OR = 1.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Safe-sleep practices | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.81 | Mean = 0.78 | OR = 1.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p |
| Self-efficacy (health care specific) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 16.54 | Mean = 16.73 | Mean difference = -0.17 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Tobacco-free household | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months | Healthy Steps sample | 275 mothers | Mean = 0.90 | Mean = 0.91 | OR = 1.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Findings rated moderate
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol)
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use of inductive/authoritative discipline | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
16-18 mo. | 2 of the 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 378 mothers | Mean = 0.10 | Mean = -0.12 | Mean difference = 0.22 | HomVEE calculated = 0.21 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Use of punitive/“high power” discipline | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
16-18 mo. | 2 of the 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 378 mothers | Mean = -0.06 | Mean = 0.13 | Mean difference = -0.19 | HomVEE calculated = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Steps (National Evaluation 1996 Protocol)
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever slap in face/spank with object | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
5.5 yrs | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1308 mothers | Mean = 0.11 | Mean = 0.13 | OR = 0.85 | HomVEE calculated = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Looked at/read books in past week | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
5.5 yrs | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1308 mothers | Mean = 0.59 | Mean = 0.57 | OR = 1.07 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Often/almost always ignore misbehavior | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
5.5 yrs | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1308 mothers | Mean = 0.09 | Mean = 0.09 | OR = 1.07 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Often/almost always negotiate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
5.5 yrs | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1308 mothers | Mean = 0.59 | Mean = 0.54 | OR = 1.25 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Routine/regular bedtime | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
5.5 yrs | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1308 mothers | Mean = 0.85 | Mean = 0.88 | OR = 0.76 | HomVEE calculated = -0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Use harsh discipline | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
5.5 yrs | The 6 RCT national evaluation sites | 1308 mothers | Mean = 0.05 | Mean = 0.07 | OR = 0.78 | HomVEE calculated = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |