Negative value favors the intervention.
Early Head Start—Home-based option
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2024
Effects shown in research
Child development and school readiness
Findings rated high
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBCL Aggressive behavior | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| FACES positive approaches to learning | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.18 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | ||
| FACES Social Behavior Problems | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | Negative value favors the intervention.
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| Child has an individualized education plan | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Negative value favors the intervention.
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| Engagement during play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| English receptive vocabulary (PPVT) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Leiter attention sustained | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Negativity toward parent during play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Negative value favors the intervention.
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| Observed attention | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Observed Leiter emotion regulation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Speech problems | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Negative value favors the intervention.
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| Woodcock Johnson Applied Problems | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Woodcock Johnson Letter-Word identification (English) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), Total competence score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-month follow-up |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
468 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
Received any early intervention services (%) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-month follow-up |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
463 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
Use of nonparental child care |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-month follow-up |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE); 2012-2014, full sample |
455 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.07 | Study reported = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
The statistical significance after the author's adjustment for multiple comparisons is reported. |
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score (fixed effect random slope analysis) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 months old |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2014, United States, full sample |
470 children | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.88 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score (restricted maximum likelihood analysis) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 months old |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2014, United States, full sample |
470 children | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.92 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), total problem score (split-sample analysis) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 months old |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2014, United States, full sample |
470 children | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.27 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child aggression (24 months) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | one site from larger EHS evaluation | Not reported | Not reported | coeff = 0.06 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Higher score equals unfavorable; Note that this outcome controls for physical punishment at 24 months
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| Child aggression (36 months) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
36 months | one site from larger EHS evaluation | Not reported | Not reported | coeff = 0.07 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Higher score equals unfavorable; Note that this outcome measures the incremental impact between 24 months and 36 months and also controls for aggression at 24 months)
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146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FACES aggression | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Kindergarten entry | EHS-HBO impact study | 928 children | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Adjusted mean = 2.70 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBCL – Aggression | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 10.40 | Adjusted mean = 10.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Average MacArthur CDI – Sentence Complexity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 8.50 | Adjusted mean = 7.80 | Mean difference = 0.70 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| MacArthur CDI – Vocabulary Production | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 56.40 | Adjusted mean = 53.50 | Mean difference = 2.90 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage MacArthur CDI combining words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 77.30 | Adjusted mean = 75.60 | Mean difference = 1.70 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage with sentence complexity <2 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 28.30 | Adjusted mean = 30.20 | Mean difference = -1.90 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage with vocabulary production <25 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 11.30 | Adjusted mean = 11.20 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Findings rated moderate
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley BRS: Orientation/Engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 3.90 | Adjusted mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 3.40 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Bayley Behavioral Rating Scale(BRS): Emotional regulation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 2.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Bayley Mental DevelopmentIndex(MDI)Standard Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 746 children | Adjusted mean = 94.10 | Adjusted mean = 92.80 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Study reported = 9.50 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Child behavior checklist - aggressive behavior | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 746 children | Adjusted mean = 11.20 | Adjusted mean = 11.70 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Study reported = -7.80 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Engagement of parent during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 5.10 | Adjusted mean = 5.00 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 5.60 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Engagement of parent during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.80 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 19.20 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Frustration during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 2.70 | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 5.90 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Negativity toward parent during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -6.60 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)-III Standard Score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 746 children | Adjusted mean = 84.60 | Adjusted mean = 83.10 | Mean difference = 1.50 | Study reported = 9.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage with PPVT-III<85 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 746 children | % = 45.60 | % = 48.60 | = -3.00 | Study reported = -6.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage with MDI <85 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 746 children | % = 20.50 | % = 22.00 | = -1.40 | Study reported = -3.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Persistence during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.70 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 12.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Sustained attention with objects during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 5.00 | Adjusted mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 10.60 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSID MDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | EHS-HBO impact study (Utah) | 161 children | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| BSID MDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
36 months | EHS-HBO impact study (Utah) | 161 children | Not reported | Not reported | β = 0.19 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Attachment security | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
18 months | EHS-HBO impact study (Utah) | 161 children | Not reported | Not reported | β = 0.17 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADD/ADHD diagnosis |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
744 children | Adjusted proportion = 0.13 | Adjusted proportion = 0.18 | Difference = -0.05 | Study reported = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Aggressive behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 5.90 | Adjusted mean = 6.50 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Anxious/depressed |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 3.20 | Adjusted mean = 3.70 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Study reported = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Attention problems |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 4.20 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Externalizing behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 8.20 | Adjusted mean = 9.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Internalizing behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 6.20 | Adjusted mean = 6.80 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Rule-breaking behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 2.30 | Adjusted mean = 2.50 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Social problems |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 2.80 | Adjusted mean = 3.10 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Somatic complaints |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 1.10 | Adjusted mean = 1.20 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Thought problems |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 2.20 | Adjusted mean = 2.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Withdrawn/depressed |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted mean = 1.90 | Adjusted mean = 1.90 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Chronic absenteeism (%) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
737 children | Adjusted proportion = 0.11 | Adjusted proportion = 0.09 | Difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Anger/distractibility |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
709 children | Adjusted mean = 2.20 | Adjusted mean = 2.10 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Peer relations |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
707 children | Adjusted mean = 3.10 | Adjusted mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Sad/lonely/anxious |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
709 children | Adjusted mean = 2.30 | Adjusted mean = 2.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Individualized Education Plan (IEP) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted proportion = 0.16 | Adjusted proportion = 0.15 | Difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Panel Study of Income Dynamics - Child Development Supplement, Wave 2 (PSID-CDS2): Bullying scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
705 children | Adjusted mean = 6.80 | Adjusted mean = 7.00 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Retention (%) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
747 children | Adjusted proportion = 0.13 | Adjusted proportion = 0.12 | Difference = 0.01 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Self-reported delinquent behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
706 children | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 91.60 | Adjusted mean = 90.50 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Bayley BRS – Emotional Regulation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Bayley BRS – Orientation/Engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Negativity Toward Parent | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Sustained Attention with Objects | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 5.10 | Adjusted mean = 5.00 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage with MDI < 100 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 73.00 | Adjusted mean = 71.90 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage with MDI < 85 | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 814 children | Adjusted mean = 31.50 | Adjusted mean = 32.50 | Mean difference = -1.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |