Negative value favors the intervention.
Early Head Start—Home-based option
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2024
Effects shown in research
Positive parenting practices
Findings rated high
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME Language and Literacy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | ||
| Children's books (26 or more) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.14 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | ||
| Parent supportiveness during play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Percent reading daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.15 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | ||
| Percent spanked last week | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | ||
| Teaching activities | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 5 | Home-based program approach | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.15 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness (fixed effect random slope analysis) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 months old |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2014, United States, full sample |
397 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.62 |
Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness (restricted maximum likelihood analysis) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 months old |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2014, United States, full sample |
397 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.64 |
Three-Bag Task composite score of parental supportiveness (split-sample analysis) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 months old |
EHS-HBO vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2014, United States, full sample |
397 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.99 |
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical punishment (24 months) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | one site from larger EHS evaluation | Not reported | Not reported | coeff = 0.04 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | High score equals unfavorable.
|
|
| Physical punishment (36 months) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
36 months | one site from larger EHS evaluation | Not reported | Not reported | coeff = -0.22 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | Higher score equals unfavorable; Note that this outcome measures the incremental impact between 24 months and 36 months
|
146
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME absence of punitive interactions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Adjusted mean = 4.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME emotional responsivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 6.50 | Adjusted mean = 6.40 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME maternal verbal/social skills | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 2.90 | Adjusted mean = 2.90 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME support of cognitive, language, and literacy environment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 10.30 | Adjusted mean = 10.10 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 26.90 | Adjusted mean = 26.40 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.13 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| KIDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Adjusted mean = 3.30 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.17 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Covers electric outlets (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 61.00 | % = 57.20 | = -3.80 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Has gates or doors in front of stairs (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 72.70 | % = 75.50 | = -2.80 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Has poison control number (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 36.50 | % = 36.40 | = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Has syrup of Ipecac at home (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 30.20 | % = 30.60 | = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Home has working smoke alarm (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 83.20 | % = 83.30 | = -0.01 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Index of discipline severity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 2.50 | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Observed child play area is safe (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 74.60 | % = 74.20 | = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-child activities to stimulate cognitive and language development | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents and children that have regular bedtime routines | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 69.20 | % = 65.10 | = 4.10 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents suggesting only mild responses to the hypothetical conflicts | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 48.00 | % = 45.10 | = 2.90 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that read to child as part of bedtime routine | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 26.00 | % = 19.50 | = 6.50 | Study reported = 0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that read to child daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 55.50 | % = 54.40 | = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that set a regular bedtime for child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 58.70 | % = 54.00 | = 4.70 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Physical punishment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 23.00 | % = 26.10 | = -3.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Prevent or distract | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 69.60 | % = 66.60 | = 3.00 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Remove child or object | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 78.60 | % = 80.40 | = -1.80 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Shout | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 6.00 | % = 3.60 | = 2.40 | Study reported = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Talk and explain | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 34.10 | % = 28.10 | = 6.00 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that suggest responses to hypothetical conflict with child: Threaten or command | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 28.80 | % = 28.20 | = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Reading frequency | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Spanked child in last week (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 49.00 | % = 52.40 | = -3.40 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Uses a car seat (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 81.10 | % = 80.70 | = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Uses guards or gates for windows (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 966 children | % = 52.60 | % = 55.40 | = -2.80 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Findings rated moderate
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME harshness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 0.30 | Adjusted mean = 0.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME internal physical environment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 8.00 | Adjusted mean = 8.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 28.30 | Adjusted mean = 28.10 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME warmth | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 2.70 | Adjusted mean = 2.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME: support of language and learning | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 10.90 | Adjusted mean = 10.70 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Detachment during parent-child puzzle challenge tasks | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Detachment during parent-child semi-structured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.20 | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Index of severity of discipline strategies | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | Adjusted mean = 3.30 | Adjusted mean = 3.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Intrusiveness during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 2.50 | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Intrusiveness during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Adjusted mean = 1.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Negative regard during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 1.20 | Adjusted mean = 1.30 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-child play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.40 | Adjusted mean = 4.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of children that follow a bedtime routine | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | % = 72.00 | % = 71.00 | = 1.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of children with a regular bedtime | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | % = 59.30 | % = 55.60 | = 3.70 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents suggesting physical punishment as a discipline strategy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | = 44.90 | = 44.50 | = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that read to child at bedtime | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | % = 29.60 | % = 25.80 | = 3.80 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that read to child daily | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | % = 54.50 | % = 55.70 | = -1.20 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that spanked child in the past week | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | % = 44.10 | % = 49.60 | = -5.50 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that usually use a car seat correctly | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | = 70.40 | = 69.40 | = 1.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Percentage of parents that would use mild discipline only | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 950 children | = 45.80 | = 45.90 | = -0.10 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Quality of assistance during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 3.60 | Adjusted mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Supportive presence during parent-child puzzle challenge task | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Supportiveness during parent-child semistructured play | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 3 | EHS-HBO impact study | 744 children | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 3.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.16 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies - Kindergarten Self Description Questionnaire (ECLS-K SDQ): Child relationship with the father |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
461 children | Adjusted mean = 3.50 | Adjusted mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Family involvement in school |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
733 caregivers | Adjusted proportion = 0.36 | Adjusted proportion = 0.36 | Difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory: Total score |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
700 caregivers | Adjusted mean = 27.40 | Adjusted mean = 26.90 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.12 | Statistically significant, p <0.05 |
|
Parent supervision |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
704 caregivers | Adjusted mean = 3.20 | Adjusted mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
746 caregivers | Adjusted mean = 9.70 | Adjusted mean = 10.30 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Support for education: External to the home |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 6 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
737 caregivers | Adjusted mean = -0.20 | Adjusted mean = -0.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
|
Support for education: Internal to the home |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Grade 5 |
EHS-HBO vs. comparison, 1996-1998, full sample |
738 caregivers | Adjusted mean = -0.20 | Adjusted mean = -0.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Early Head Start Home-based option
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent-child structured play: Negative regard | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.40 | Adjusted mean = 1.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-child structured play: Parent detachment | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.40 | Adjusted mean = 1.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-child structured play: Parent intrusiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 1.80 | Adjusted mean = 1.90 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent-child structured play: Parent supportiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Age 2 | EHS-HBO impact study | 794 children | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 3.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |