Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2023

Effects shown in research

Maternal health

Findings rated high

Doyle, O., Harmon, C., Heckman, J. J., Logue, C., & Moon, S. H. (2017). Early skill formation and the efficiency of parental investment: A randomized controlled trial of home visiting. Labour Economics, 45, 40-58.

Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

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Table help

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental self-efficacy score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 children	Unadjusted mean = 8.80	Unadjusted mean = 8.68	Mean difference = 0.12	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.51	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI) short version, Dysfunctional interactions score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 children	Unadjusted mean = 17.03	Unadjusted mean = 18.28	Mean difference = -1.25	Study reported = -0.23	Not statistically significant, p = 0.14	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI) short version, Parenting distress score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	172 children	Unadjusted mean = 26.02	Unadjusted mean = 25.55	Mean difference = 0.47	Study reported = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.69	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2012). Preparing For Life early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at six months [Study 1: Randomized controlled trial]. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

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Table help

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Below World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Score of 13	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.23	Unadjusted proportion = 0.26	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression cut-off	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.23	Unadjusted proportion = 0.17	Mean difference = 0.06	Study reported = 0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.33	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score, past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 6.53	Unadjusted mean = 6.63	Mean difference = -0.10	Study reported = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.91	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score, past 7 days	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 5.87	Unadjusted mean = 6.36	Mean difference = -0.49	Study reported = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.55	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Knows families with children same age as baby	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	170 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.66	Unadjusted proportion = 0.56	Mean difference = 0.10	Study reported = 0.21	Not statistically significant, p = 0.18	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Mother number of general practitioner (GP) visits in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	171 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 2.51	Unadjusted mean = 1.94	Mean difference = 0.57	Study reported = 0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.30	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Mother took or is currently on maternity leave	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	171 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.28	Unadjusted proportion = 0.33	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.48	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Difficult Child	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 19.45	Unadjusted mean = 20.19	Mean difference = -0.74	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.36	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Parent-child Dysfunctional Interactions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 16.94	Unadjusted mean = 18.40	Mean difference = -1.46	Study reported = -0.28	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Parental Distress	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 26.02	Unadjusted mean = 25.71	Mean difference = 0.31	Study reported = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.79	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Stress Cut-off Score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.01	Unadjusted proportion = 0.06	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p = 0.12	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parenting Stress Index (PSI), total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 62.41	Unadjusted mean = 64.30	Mean difference = -1.89	Study reported = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.42	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Percentage Score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 64.34	Unadjusted mean = 64.53	Mean difference = -0.19	Study reported = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.95	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2012). Preparing For Life early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at twelve months. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

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Table help

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Below World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Score of 13	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.35	Unadjusted proportion = 0.42	Mean difference = -0.07	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.36	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Below World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Score of 13 (0-6 months), difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.26	Unadjusted mean = 0.24	Mean difference = 0.02	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Consumed alcohol above recommended level	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	159 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Unadjusted proportion = 0.10	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.84	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Currently pregnant	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.06	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = 0.02	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.56	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Drank alcohol in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.83	Unadjusted proportion = 0.94	Mean difference = -0.11	Study reported = -0.36	Statistically significant, p = 0.04	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Drug use in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.02	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.46	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Future Outlook Inventory (FOI)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.66	Unadjusted mean = 2.63	Mean difference = 0.03	Study reported = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.73	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Healthy Eating Scale (adapted from Shrivastava et al., 2013)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	163 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 19.14	Unadjusted mean = 19.52	Mean difference = -0.38	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.68	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Less than 6 hours sleep per night	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	162 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.21	Unadjusted proportion = 0.17	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Maternal Efficacy Mean Score (combined Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale and Parental Self-Efficacy)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.00	Unadjusted mean = 3.07	Mean difference = -0.07	Study reported = -0.13	Not statistically significant, p = 0.37	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Maternal Efficacy Mean Score (combined Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale and Parental Self-Efficacy), difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.00	Unadjusted mean = 3.07	Mean difference = -0.07	HomVEE calculated = 0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.37	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Meets friends daily	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.65	Unadjusted proportion = 0.54	Mean difference = 0.11	Study reported = 0.23	Not statistically significant, p = 0.15	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Number of general practitioner visits in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.51	Unadjusted mean = 2.17	Mean difference = 0.34	Study reported = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.57	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Self-Efficacy (adapted from Borkowski et al., 2001)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.16	Unadjusted mean = 3.29	Mean difference = -0.13	Study reported = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p = 0.13	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Self-Efficacy (adapted from Borkowski et al., 2001), difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 3.16	Unadjusted mean = 3.29	Mean difference = -0.13	HomVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.91	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale, Mastery cut-off	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.12	Unadjusted proportion = 0.14	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.70	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale, Mastery Mean Score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.87	Unadjusted mean = 2.88	Mean difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.91	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Pearlin Self-Efficacy Scale, Mastery Mean Score, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.87	Unadjusted mean = 2.88	Mean difference = -0.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.23	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Regular exercise	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.41	Unadjusted proportion = 0.42	Mean difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.90	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Smoked in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.53	Unadjusted proportion = 0.52	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.90	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Percentage Score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 57.61	Unadjusted mean = 56.39	Mean difference = 1.22	Study reported = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.75	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
World Health Organisation - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Percentage Score (0-6 months), difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 63.69	Unadjusted mean = 64.98	Mean difference = -1.29	HomVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.68	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2013). Preparing For Life: Early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at twenty-four months. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

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Table help

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 10.26	Unadjusted mean = 10.56	Mean difference = -0.30	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.53	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), 10 cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.23	Unadjusted proportion = 0.31	Mean difference = -0.08	Study reported = -0.18	Not statistically significant, p = 0.25	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), past 7 days	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 6.67	Unadjusted mean = 7.38	Mean difference = -0.71	Study reported = -0.13	Not statistically significant, p = 0.40	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Maternal History of Antisocial Behavior Scale, antisocial behavior as adult	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Unadjusted proportion = 0.05	Mean difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.76	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Meet friends most days	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.57	Unadjusted proportion = 0.60	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.70	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother binge drinking (>6 units in a sitting at least once per week)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.22	Unadjusted proportion = 0.25	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother currently a smoker	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.51	Unadjusted proportion = 0.52	Mean difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.90	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother currently using a valid form of birth control	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.65	Unadjusted proportion = 0.56	Mean difference = 0.09	Study reported = 0.18	Not statistically significant, p = 0.24	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother drank alcohol in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.78	Unadjusted proportion = 0.83	Mean difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.42	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother drug use in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Unadjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = 0.00	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother more than 14 units of alcohol consumed per week	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.21	Unadjusted proportion = 0.24	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother number of general practitioner visits	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	163 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 2.43	Unadjusted mean = 1.78	Mean difference = 0.65	Study reported = 0.21	Not statistically significant, p = 0.17	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother pregnant (subsequent pregnancy)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.17	Unadjusted proportion = 0.11	Mean difference = 0.06	Study reported = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.27	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI): 90 cut-off score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.02	Unadjusted proportion = 0.12	Mean difference = -0.10	Study reported = -0.37	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Difficult child	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 21.67	Unadjusted mean = 22.68	Mean difference = -1.01	Study reported = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.35	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parent-child dysfunctional interactions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 18.34	Unadjusted mean = 18.92	Mean difference = -0.58	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Parental distress	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 25.90	Unadjusted mean = 25.71	Mean difference = 0.19	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 65.91	Unadjusted mean = 67.31	Mean difference = -1.40	Study reported = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.63	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	166 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 13.45	Unadjusted mean = 13.49	Mean difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.93	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

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