Preparing for Life—Home Visiting

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2023

Effects shown in research

Positive parenting practices

Findings rated high

Doyle, O., Harmon, C., Heckman, J. J., Logue, C., & Moon, S. H. (2017). Early skill formation and the efficiency of parental investment: A randomized controlled trial of home visiting. Labour Economics, 45, 40-58.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI-2), Belief in the use of appropriate punishment score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 children	Unadjusted mean = 6.40	Unadjusted mean = 6.29	Mean difference = 0.11	Study reported = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.59	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale, Absence of hostility score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	171 children	Unadjusted mean = 4.39	Unadjusted mean = 4.41	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.81	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale, Quality of attachment score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	169 children	Unadjusted mean = 4.70	Unadjusted mean = 4.68	Mean difference = 0.02	HomVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.70	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother reads to her child every day, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	149 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.46	Unadjusted proportion = 0.53	Mean difference = -0.07	HomVEE calculated = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.39	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Mother reads to her child, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.90	Unadjusted proportion = 0.90	Mean difference = 0.00	Study reported = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Baby comparison scale score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	172 children	Unadjusted mean = 7.52	Unadjusted mean = 7.02	Mean difference = 0.50	Study reported = 0.26	Not statistically significant, p = 0.09	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental hostile-reactive behaviors score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	171 children	Unadjusted mean = 0.80	Unadjusted mean = 1.06	Mean difference = -0.26	Study reported = -0.22	Not statistically significant, p = 0.15	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental overprotection score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	172 children	Unadjusted mean = 6.18	Unadjusted mean = 6.13	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.88	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental warmth score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	171 children	Unadjusted mean = 9.18	Unadjusted mean = 9.25	Mean difference = -0.07	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.71	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Perceived parental impact score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	172 children	Unadjusted mean = 7.25	Unadjusted mean = 7.04	Mean difference = 0.21	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Locus of Control Scale (PLOC), Control of child's behavior score, unweighted	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 children	Unadjusted mean = 6.92	Unadjusted mean = 7.22	Mean difference = -0.30	Study reported = -0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.47	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Orri, M., Cote, S. M., Tremblay, R. E., & Doyle, O. (2019). Impact of an early childhood intervention on the home environment, and subsequent effects on child cognitive and emotional development: A secondary analysis. Plos One, 14(7), Article e0219133.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), Involvement scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	168 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.27	Unadjusted mean = 4.41	Mean difference = -0.14	Study reported = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p= 0.80
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), Responsivity scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 9.00	Unadjusted mean = 8.95	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p= 0.56
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), Learning Materials scale	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	168 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 8.08	Unadjusted mean = 7.74	Mean difference = 0.34	Study reported = 0.29	Statistically significant, p= 0.02

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2012). Preparing For Life early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at six months [Study 1: Randomized controlled trial]. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Appropriateness of baby sleeping location	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.90	Unadjusted proportion = 0.99	Mean difference = -0.09	Study reported = -0.39	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Baby has appropriate sleep preparation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.48	Unadjusted proportion = 0.39	Mean difference = 0.09	Study reported = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.24	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS), Absence of Hostility	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 4.39	Unadjusted mean = 4.41	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.80	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS), Quality of Attachment	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 4.69	Unadjusted mean = 4.68	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.85	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS), total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 85.86	Unadjusted mean = 85.92	Mean difference = -0.06	Study reported = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.94	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Mother interaction with baby (items adapted from My Baby and Me program and Parenting for the First Time program)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 2.79	Unadjusted mean = 2.66	Mean difference = 0.13	Study reported = 0.22	Not statistically significant, p = 0.14	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Mother uses baby safety gate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	151 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.19	Unadjusted proportion = 0.13	Mean difference = 0.06	Study reported = 0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.32	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Mother uses electrical socket covers	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	168 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted proportion = 0.43	Unadjusted proportion = 0.33	Mean difference = 0.10	Study reported = 0.20	Not statistically significant, p = 0.18	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Baby Comparison	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 7.52	Unadjusted mean = 7.04	Mean difference = 0.48	Study reported = 0.26	Not statistically significant, p = 0.10	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Hostile-reactive Behavior	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 0.80	Unadjusted mean = 1.04	Mean difference = -0.24	Study reported = -0.20	Not statistically significant, p = 0.18	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Impact	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 7.25	Unadjusted mean = 7.07	Mean difference = 0.18	Study reported = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.58	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Over-protection	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 6.18	Unadjusted mean = 6.14	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.90	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Self-efficacy	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 8.80	Unadjusted mean = 8.67	Mean difference = 0.13	Study reported = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.47	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS), Parental Warmth	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 9.18	Unadjusted mean = 9.24	Mean difference = -0.06	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.75	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Locus of Control Scale (PLOC), overall score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 44.27	Unadjusted mean = 45.54	Mean difference = -1.27	Study reported = -0.16	Not statistically significant, p = 0.29	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Parental Locus of Control Scale (PLOC), Parental Belief in Fate/Chance	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 9.70	Unadjusted mean = 9.97	Mean difference = -0.27	Study reported = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.61	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Satisfied with father's involvement	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	173 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 62.26	Unadjusted mean = 64.40	Mean difference = -2.14	Study reported = -0.25	Not statistically significant, p = 0.11	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2012). Preparing For Life early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at twelve months. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Appropriate parent-child roles	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.11	Unadjusted mean = 6.07	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.91	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Belief in the use of inappropriate punishment- At risk cut-off	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.00	Unadjusted proportion = 0.02	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.22	Not statistically significant, p = 0.63	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Inappropriate parent-child roles- At risk cut-off	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.12	Unadjusted proportion = 0.12	Mean difference = 0.00	Study reported = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Parental empathy	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.93	Unadjusted mean = 4.92	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.98	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Parental lack of empathy- At risk of cut-off	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.34	Unadjusted proportion = 0.24	Mean difference = 0.10	Study reported = 0.22	Not statistically significant, p = 0.16	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Realistic parental expectations of children	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 6.62	Unadjusted mean = 6.46	Mean difference = 0.16	Study reported = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.59	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), total number of scales at risk	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.76	Unadjusted mean = 0.76	Mean difference = 0.00	Study reported = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 124.18	Unadjusted mean = 125.71	Mean difference = -1.53	Study reported = -0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.47	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI), Unrealistic parental expectations of children- At risk cut-off	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted proportion = 0.06	Unadjusted proportion = 0.05	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.78	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Appropriate parent-child roles, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 28.04	Unadjusted mean = 27.78	Mean difference = 0.26	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p = 0.59	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Belief in the use of appropriate punishment, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 45.84	Unadjusted mean = 45.14	Mean difference = 0.70	HomVEE calculated = 0.30	Not statistically significant, p = 0.054	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Belief in the use of inappropriate punishment- At risk cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.00	Unadjusted mean = 0.02	Mean difference = -0.02	HomVEE calculated = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.23	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Inappropriate parent-child roles- At risk cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.12	Unadjusted mean = 0.12	Mean difference = 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.33	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Parental empathy, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 39.65	Unadjusted mean = 39.52	Mean difference = 0.13	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.69	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Parental lack of empathy- At risk of cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.34	Unadjusted mean = 0.24	Mean difference = 0.10	Study reported = 0.33	Statistically significant, p = 0.04	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Realistic parental expectations of children, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 25.17	Unadjusted mean = 24.64	Mean difference = 0.53	HomVEE calculated = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.52	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), Unrealistic parental expectations of children- At risk cut-off, difference-in-difference estimate	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.06	Unadjusted mean = 0.05	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.35	Statistically significant, p = 0.03	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Appropriateness of sleeping location	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	162 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.87	Unadjusted proportion = 0.95	Mean difference = -0.08	Study reported = -0.30	Not statistically significant, p = 0.09	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Family Environment Scale (FES), Cohesion Standard Score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 children	Unadjusted mean = 55.51	Unadjusted mean = 58.07	Mean difference = -2.56	Study reported = -0.27	Not statistically significant, p = 0.08	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Family Environment Scale (FES), Conflict Standard Score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 children	Unadjusted mean = 70.43	Unadjusted mean = 69.63	Mean difference = 0.80	Study reported = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.57	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Family Environment Scale (FES), Organisation Standard Score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 children	Unadjusted mean = 48.15	Unadjusted mean = 46.88	Mean difference = 1.27	Study reported = 0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.37	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Father has daily contact with child	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.68	Unadjusted proportion = 0.67	Mean difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Father part of child's life	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	164 children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.94	Unadjusted proportion = 0.89	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.17	Not statistically significant, p = 0.26	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
Satisfied with father's involvement	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 62.91	Unadjusted mean = 62.54	Mean difference = 0.37	Study reported = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.78	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

PFL Evaluation Team at the UCD Geary Institute. (2013). Preparing For Life: Early childhood intervention: Assessing the impact of Preparing For Life at twenty-four months. Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Absence of hostility	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 4.36	Unadjusted mean = 4.40	Mean difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.63	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Quality of attachment	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 4.61	Unadjusted mean = 4.57	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.50	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Condon Maternal Attachment Scale (CMAS): Total score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 84.16	Unadjusted mean = 84.03	Mean difference = 0.13	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Father has contact with child daily	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	163 mothers and children	Unadjusted proportion = 0.66	Unadjusted proportion = 0.69	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.68	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Baby comparison score	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 7.04	Unadjusted mean = 6.41	Mean difference = 0.63	Study reported = 0.29	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental hostile-reactive behavior	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 1.78	Unadjusted mean = 1.94	Mean difference = -0.16	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.51	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental impact	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 7.97	Unadjusted mean = 7.50	Mean difference = 0.47	Study reported = 0.20	Not statistically significant, p = 0.21	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental over-protection	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 4.49	Unadjusted mean = 4.23	Mean difference = 0.26	Study reported = 0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.45	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental self efficacy	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 8.74	Unadjusted mean = 8.42	Mean difference = 0.32	Study reported = 0.29	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Parental Cognition and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS): Parental warmth	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months old	High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample	165 mothers and children	Unadjusted mean = 8.69	Unadjusted mean = 8.48	Mean difference = 0.21	Study reported = 0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.36	Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

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