Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)®

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019

Effects shown in research

Child health

Findings rated high

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Tatelbaum, R., et al. (1997). Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 644–652.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
5-minute Apgar	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full, (Memphis)	1082 children	Adjusted mean = 8.60	Adjusted mean = 8.70	Mean difference = -0.10	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Birth weight, grams	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full (Memphis)	1082 children	Adjusted mean = 3032.20	Adjusted mean = 3050.40	Mean difference = -18.20	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Breastfeeding attempted, percentage	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years postnatal	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	671 children	% (adjusted) = 26.00	Adjusted mean % = 16.00	OR = 1.90	HomVEE calculated = 0.37	Statistically significant, p < 0.01	footnote6 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.
Gestational age, weeks	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full, (Memphis)	1082 children	Adjusted mean = 39.00	Adjusted mean = 39.00	Mean difference = 0.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Immunizations up to date, percentage	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years postnatal	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	671 children	% (adjusted) = 70.00	Adjusted mean % = 68.00	OR = 1.10	HomVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote6 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.
Indicated preterm delivery (percentage)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full, (Memphis)	1082 children	% (adjusted) = 3.00	Adjusted mean % = 3.00	OR = 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.
Intrauterine growth restriction (percentage)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full, (Memphis)	1082 children	% (adjusted) = 9.00	Adjusted mean % = 9.00	OR = 1.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.
Low birth weight (percentage < 2500 g)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full, (Memphis)	1082 children	% (adjusted) = 15.00	Adjusted mean % = 14.00	OR = 1.10	HomVEE calculated = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.
Number of well-child visits	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years postnatal	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	671 children	Adjusted mean = 4.60	Adjusted mean = 4.80	Mean difference = -0.20	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Preterm (less than 37 weeks, percentage)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full, (Memphis)	1082 children	% (adjusted) = 11.00	Adjusted mean % = 13.00	OR = 0.80	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.
Spontaneous preterm delivery, percentage	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full, (Memphis)	1082 children	% (adjusted) = 8.00	Adjusted mean % = 9.00	OR = 0.80	HomVEE calculated = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. footnote6 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 The odds ratio compares the nurse-visited group to the comparison.

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Sidora, K., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., et al. (2000). Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: A 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(15), 1983–1989.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Number of subsequent low birth weight newborns (< 2500 g)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Mean = 0.12	Mean = 0.15	Mean difference = -0.03	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote1 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Number of subsequent neonatal intensive care unit or special care admissions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Mean = 0.14	Mean = 0.20	Mean difference = -0.06	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote1 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference. footnote3 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).

Olds, D. L., Henderson Jr., C. R., Chamberlin, R., & Tatelbaum, R. (1986). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 78, 65–78.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Night awake (mother-reported number of episodes last 2 weeks	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	163 children	Adjusted mean = 2.69	Adjusted mean = 2.83	Mean difference = -0.14	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Night awake (mother-reported number of episodes last 2 weeks	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	164 children	Adjusted mean = 3.25	Adjusted mean = 2.83	Mean difference = 0.42	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of emergency room visits (first year of life)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	1-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	205 children	Adjusted mean = 1.12	Adjusted mean = 1.02	Mean difference = 0.10	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of emergency room visits (first year of life)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	1-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	223 children	Adjusted mean = 0.74	Adjusted mean = 1.02	Mean difference = -0.28	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Number of emergency room visits (second year of life)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	185 children	Adjusted mean = 1.04	Adjusted mean = 1.09	Mean difference = -0.05	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of emergency room visits (second year of life)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	196 children	Adjusted mean = 0.74	Adjusted mean = 1.09	Mean difference = -0.35	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.01
Resist eating (mother-reported number of episodes last 2 weeks)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	164 children	Adjusted mean = 2.01	Adjusted mean = 1.72	Mean difference = 0.29	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Resist eating (mother-reported number of episodes last 2 weeks)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	163 children	Adjusted mean = 2.29	Adjusted mean = 1.72	Mean difference = 0.57	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.01

Olds, D. L., Henderson Jr., C. R., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1986). Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 77(1), 16.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Child birth weight (grams)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full (Elmira)	308 children	Adjusted mean = 3285.00	Adjusted mean = 3262.00	Mean difference = 23.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Length of gestation	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full (Elmira)	308 children	Adjusted mean = 39.57	Adjusted mean = 39.71	Mean difference = -0.14	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Percentage low birth rate, (≤ 2,500 grams)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full (Elmira)	308 children	% (adjusted) = 5.78	Adjusted mean % = 2.61	Mean difference = 3.17	HomVEE calculated = 0.50	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Percentage preterm delivery (< 37 weeks)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	Full (Elmira)	308 children	% (adjusted) = 6.90	Adjusted mean % = 7.27	Mean difference = -0.37	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., & Kitzman, H. (1994). Does prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation have enduring effects on qualities of parental caregiving and child health at 25 to 50 months of life? Pediatrics, 93(1), 89–98.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Number of days hospitalized (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	221 children	Adjusted mean = 0.49	Adjusted mean = 0.31	Mean difference = 0.18	Not available	Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05	footnote1 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Number of days hospitalized (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	209 children	Adjusted mean = 0.43	Adjusted mean = 0.31	Mean difference = 0.12	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of emergency department visits (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	221 children	Adjusted mean = 1.00	Adjusted mean = 1.53	Mean difference = -0.53	Not available	Statistically significant, p ≤ .01	footnote1 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Number of emergency department visits (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	209 children	Adjusted mean = 1.24	Adjusted mean = 1.53	Mean difference = -0.29	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of hospital admissions (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	209 children	Adjusted mean = 0.11	Adjusted mean = 0.11	Mean difference = 0.00	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of hospital admissions (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	221 children	Adjusted mean = 0.14	Adjusted mean = 0.11	Mean difference = 0.03	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote1 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Number of scheduled health supervision visits (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	209 children	Adjusted mean = 1.27	Adjusted mean = 1.56	Mean difference = -0.29	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of scheduled health supervision visits (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	221 children	Adjusted mean = 1.26	Adjusted mean = 1.56	Mean difference = -0.30	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Number of scheduled health supervision visits with problems (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	221 children	Adjusted mean = 6.24	Adjusted mean = 6.72	Mean difference = -0.48	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Number of scheduled health supervision visits with problems (25 to 50 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	50 months	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	209 children	Adjusted mean = 5.18	Adjusted mean = 6.72	Mean difference = -1.54	Not available	Statistical significance not reported

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W., et al. (2004). Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age 6 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1550–1559

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Subsequent NICU/special care admission (rate per subsequent birth)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	% (adjusted) = 18.00	Adjusted mean % = 23.00	OR = -0.72	HomVEE calculated = -0.20	Not statistically significant, p = 0.14	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
Subsequent low birth weight newborn (rate per subsequent birth)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	% (adjusted) = 11.00	Adjusted mean % = 16.00	OR = -0.69	HomVEE calculated = -0.22	Not statistically significant, p = 0.16	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., et al. (2007). Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal and child functioning: Age-9 follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 120(4), e832–e845.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Number of infant and childhood deaths among firstborn children (birth–9 years)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	per 1,000 = 4.50 per 1,000	per 1,000 = 20.08 per 1,000	OR = 0.22	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.80	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
Number of subsequent low birth weight newborns (0–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.18	Adjusted mean = 0.27	Mean difference = -0.09	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.07	footnote4 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculation of incidence ratio.

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1560-1568.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Subsequent low birth weight newborns	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	= 0.06	= 0.08	OR = 0.75	HomVEE calculated = -0.17	Not statistically significant, p = 0.45
Subsequent special care admissions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	= 0.06	= 0.08	OR = 0.66	HomVEE calculated = -0.26	Not statistically significant, p = 0.27

Findings rated moderate

Holland, M. L., Groth, S. W., Smith, J. A., Meng, Y., & Kitzman, H. (2018). Low birthweight in second children after nurse home visiting. Journal of Perinatology, 38(12), 1610–1619.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Low birthweight of the second child	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	Nurse Family Partnership vs. comparison, Memphis New Mother's Study 1990-1991, mothers with second child	512 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 0.51	Study reported = -0.41	Statistically significant, p <0.05	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Effect size based on study OR Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
Preterm birth of the second child	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	Nurse Family Partnership vs. comparison, Memphis New Mother's Study 1990-1991, mothers with second child	470 children	Not reported	Not reported	Odds ratio = 1.07	Study reported = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Negative effect is favorable Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Effect size based on study OR Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.

Nguyen, J. D., Carson, M. L., Parris, K. M., & Place, P. (2003). A comparison pilot study of public health field nursing home visitation program interventions for pregnant Hispanic adolescents. Public Health Nursing, 20(5), 412. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20509.x

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Birth weight (grams)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	NFP-trained nurse visitors and comparison nurse visitors	156 children	Mean = 3.00	Mean = 3.00	Mean difference = 164.26	HomVEE calculated = 0.29	Not reported
Gestational age (months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	Birth	NFP-trained nurse visitors and comparison nurse visitors	154 children	Mean = 38.88	Mean = 38.92	Mean difference = -0.04	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not reported

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Knudtson, M. D., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., & Cole, R. (2014). Effect of home visiting by nurses on maternal and child mortality: Results of a 2-decade follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(9), 800-806.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
20 year child mortality rate - all causes (Nurse home visits during pregnancy and infancy vs. developmental screening comparison)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	20 years	Nurse home visits during pregnancy and infancy vs. developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	708 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 0.01	Unadjusted mean = 0.03	Mean difference = -0.02	HomVEE calculated = -0.68	Not statistically significant, p = 0.11	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
20 year child mortality rate - preventable cause (Nurse home visits during pregnancy and infancy vs. developmental screening comparison)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	20 years	Nurse home visits during pregnancy and infancy vs. developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	708 mother/child dyads	Unadjusted mean = 0.00	Unadjusted mean = 0.02	Mean difference = -0.02	Not available	Statistically significant, p = 0.04	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1560-1568.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Subsequent low birth weight newborns	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional. home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	= 0.03	= 0.08	OR = 0.34	HomVEE calculated = -0.64	Statistically significant, p = 0.03
Subsequent special care admissions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	= 0.05	= 0.08	OR = 0.54	HomVEE calculated = -0.38	Not statistically significant, p = 0.13

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