Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)®

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2024

Effects shown in research

Reductions in juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime

Findings rated high

Eckenrode, J., Campa, M., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., Powers, J., & Olds, D. (2010). Long-term effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on the life course of youths: 19-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(1), 9-15.

Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Arrested, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.11	Adjusted proportion = 0.32	Mean difference = -0.20	Study reported = 0.33	Statistically significant, p= <0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The reported effect size is the relative risk, which is expressed as a positive value.
Arrested, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 30.00	Adjusted mean % = 37.00	Difference = -0.07	Study reported = -0.20	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Arrested, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 21.00	Adjusted mean % = 37.00	Difference = -0.16	Study reported = -0.48	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Arrested, lifetime - 15 year follow-up	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (boys)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.02	Adjusted proportion = 0.17	Mean difference = 0.30	HomVEE calculated = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.88	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Arrested, lifetime - 15 year follow-up	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (boys)	124 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.20	Adjusted proportion = 0.27	Mean difference = -0.14	HomVEE calculated = -1.30	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Arrested, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.02	Adjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = -0.02	HomVEE calculated = -0.36	Not statistically significant, p = 0.61	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Arrested, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 12.00	Adjusted mean % = 6.00	Difference = 0.06	Study reported = 0.49	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Arrested, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 8.00	Adjusted mean % = 6.00	Difference = 0.03	Study reported = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Convicted, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.05	Adjusted proportion = 0.23	Mean difference = -0.19	Study reported = 0.20	Statistically significant, p= <0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The reported effect size is the relative risk, which is expressed as a positive value.
Convicted, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 12.00	Adjusted mean % = 28.00	Difference = -0.16	Study reported = -0.64	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Convicted, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 23.00	Adjusted mean % = 28.00	Difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.16	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Convicted, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.02	Adjusted proportion = 0.03	Mean difference = 0.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Convicted, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 10.00	Adjusted mean % = 4.00	Difference = 0.06	Study reported = 0.56	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Convicted, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 8.00	Adjusted mean % = 4.00	Difference = 0.03	Study reported = 0.34	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Felony assault	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.00	Adjusted proportion = 0.06	Mean difference = -0.05	HomVEE calculated = -2.46	Not statistically significant, p = 0.40	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Felony assault	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 3.00	Adjusted mean % = 7.00	Difference = -0.05	Study reported = -0.64	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Felony assault	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 3.00	Adjusted mean % = 7.00	Difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.52	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Fraud	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.00	Adjusted proportion = 0.03	Mean difference = -0.03	HomVEE calculated = -2.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.49	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Fraud	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 2.00	Adjusted mean % = 4.00	Difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.67	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Fraud	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 5.00	Adjusted mean % = 4.00	Difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Illegal services	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.02	Adjusted proportion = 0.04	Mean difference = -0.02	HomVEE calculated = -0.36	Not statistically significant, p = 0.61	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Illegal services	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 6.00	Adjusted mean % = 7.00	Difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.07	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Illegal services	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 4.00	Adjusted mean % = 7.00	Difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.34	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor assault	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.09	Adjusted proportion = 0.07	Mean difference = 0.02	HomVEE calculated = 0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.65	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Minor assault	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 27.00	Adjusted mean % = 26.00	Difference = 0.01	Study reported = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor assault	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 23.00	Adjusted mean % = 26.00	Difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor theft	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.05	Adjusted proportion = 0.06	Mean difference = -0.01	HomVEE calculated = -0.13	Not statistically significant, p = 0.81	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Minor theft	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 9.00	Adjusted mean % = 11.00	Difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Minor theft	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 8.00	Adjusted mean % = 11.00	Difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.25	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of arrests, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted mean = 0.10	Adjusted mean = 0.54	Mean difference = -0.44	Study reported = 0.18	Statistically significant, p= <0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The reported effect size is the relative risk, which is expressed as a positive value.
Number of arrests, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	Adjusted mean = 0.52	Adjusted mean = 0.86	Mean difference = -0.34	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of arrests, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	Adjusted mean = 0.37	Adjusted mean = 0.86	Mean difference = -0.49	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Number of arrests, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted mean = 0.02	Adjusted mean = 0.11	Mean difference = -0.09	HomVEE calculated = -2.64	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Number of arrests, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	Adjusted mean = 0.11	Adjusted mean = 0.06	Mean difference = 0.05	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of arrests, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	Adjusted mean = 0.10	Adjusted mean = 0.06	Mean difference = 0.04	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of convictions, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted mean = 0.04	Adjusted mean = 0.37	Mean difference = -0.33	Study reported = 0.11	Statistically significant, p= <0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The reported effect size is the relative risk, which is expressed as a positive value.
Number of convictions, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	Adjusted mean = 0.33	Adjusted mean = 0.58	Mean difference = -0.25	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of convictions, lifetime	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	Adjusted mean = 0.20	Adjusted mean = 0.58	Mean difference = -0.38	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Number of convictions, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted mean = 0.02	Adjusted mean = 0.10	Mean difference = -0.08	HomVEE calculated = -2.34	Statistically significant, p = 0.00	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Number of convictions, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	Adjusted mean = 0.10	Adjusted mean = 0.05	Mean difference = 0.05	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of convictions, past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	Adjusted mean = 0.09	Adjusted mean = 0.05	Mean difference = 0.04	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Public disorder	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.27	Adjusted proportion = 0.21	Mean difference = 0.07	HomVEE calculated = 0.23	Not statistically significant, p = 0.40	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Public disorder	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 30.00	Adjusted mean % = 26.00	Difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Public disorder	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 32.00	Adjusted mean % = 26.00	Difference = 0.06	Study reported = 0.18	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Vandalism	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira); Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	117 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.07	Adjusted proportion = 0.03	Mean difference = 0.04	HomVEE calculated = 0.59	Not statistically significant, p = 0.30	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by nwu on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:31 Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.
Vandalism	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 5.00	Adjusted mean % = 7.00	Difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Vandalism	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 7.00	Adjusted mean % = 7.00	Difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Kitzman, H. J., Olds, D. L., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Anson, E. A., Arcoleo, K. J., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., Henderson, C. R., & Holmberg, J. R. (2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on children: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(5), 412–418.

Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Ever arrested	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers and 578 children	% (adjusted) = 3.10	Adjusted mean % = 3.10	Difference = 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.00	Not statistically significant

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Knudtson, M. D., Cole, R., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., Fishbein, D., DiClemente, R., Wingood, G., Caliendo, A. M., Hopfer, C., Miller, T., & Conti, G. (2019). Prenatal and/or infancy nurse home visiting and 18-year outcomes of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 144(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3876

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Ever in a gang	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014, full sample	625 children	Adjusted proportion = 0.11	Adjusted proportion = 0.09	Odds ratio = 1.35	HomVEE calculated = 0.18	Not statistically significant, p= 0.27	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Submitted by barbara on Fri, 04/12/2019 - 18:55 HomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio.
Number of arrests	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014; Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability	324 children	Adjusted mean = 0.19	Adjusted mean = 0.23	Incidence rate = -0.04	Study reported = 0.84	Not statistically significant, p= 0.65	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Number of arrests	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014, full sample	629 children	Adjusted mean = 0.36	Adjusted mean = 0.35	Incidence rate = 0.01	Study reported = 1.02	Not statistically significant, p= 0.93	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Number of convictions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014, full sample	629 children	Adjusted mean = 0.24	Adjusted mean = 0.28	Incidence rate = -0.04	Study reported = 0.86	Not statistically significant, p= 0.59	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Number of convictions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014; Subgroup: Mother has psychological vulnerability	324 children	Adjusted mean = 0.10	Adjusted mean = 0.21	Incidence rate = -0.11	Study reported = 0.47	Not statistically significant, p= 0.08	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Number of interpersonal violence arrests	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014, full sample	629 children	Adjusted mean = 0.19	Adjusted mean = 0.14	Incidence rate = 0.05	Study reported = 1.39	Not statistically significant, p= 0.32	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Number of interpersonal violence arrests	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014; Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	324 children	Adjusted mean = 0.14	Adjusted mean = 0.09	Incidence rate = 0.05	Study reported = 1.48	Not statistically significant, p= 0.42	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Number of interpersonal violence convictions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014; Subgroup: Child gender (girls)	324 children	Adjusted mean = 0.07	Adjusted mean = 0.08	Incidence rate = -0.01	Study reported = 0.81	Not statistically significant, p= 0.69	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Number of interpersonal violence convictions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	18 years	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT, Memphis TN, 1990-2014, full sample	629 children	Adjusted mean = 0.13	Adjusted mean = 0.10	Incidence rate = 0.03	Study reported = 1.33	Not statistically significant, p= 0.43	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Knox, V., & Michalopoulos, C. (2023). Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation (MIHOPE), United States, 2012-2019. MIHOPE Model Results Documentation [Study 3-NFP contrast]. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37848.v3.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Received any domestic violence services	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-month follow-up	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States,full sample	908 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.01	Adjusted proportion = 0.03	Difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.49	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported; precise p-values are not available.
Received any services from a domestic violence shelter	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-month follow-up	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States,full sample	906 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.01	Adjusted proportion = 0.02	Difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.34	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported; precise p-values are not available.
Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), maternal experience with physical or sexual violence	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-month follow-up	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States,full sample	904 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.03	Adjusted proportion = 0.07	Difference = -0.04	Study reported = -0.52	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported; precise p-values are not available. The study reported this finding was statistically significant (p = 0.01) prior to a multiple comparisons adjustment.
Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), maternal perpetration of physical violence	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-month follow-up	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States,full sample	903 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.06	Adjusted proportion = 0.09	Difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.25	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported; precise p-values are not available.
Women's Experiences with Battering Scale (WEB)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-month follow-up	NFP vs. Resource referral RCT (MIHOPE), 2012-2015, United States,full sample	898 mothers	Adjusted proportion = 0.04	Adjusted proportion = 0.04	Difference = -0.01	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. The statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons is reported; precise p-values are not available.

Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., et al. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 637–643.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
NYS arrests (incidence; administrative records)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.12	Adjusted mean = 0.38	Mean difference = -0.26	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
NYS arrests (incidence; administrative records)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.34	Adjusted mean = 0.38	Mean difference = -0.04	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
NYS convictions (incidence; administrative records)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.28	Adjusted mean = 0.27	Mean difference = 0.01	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
NYS convictions (incidence; administrative records)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.12	Adjusted mean = 0.27	Mean difference = -0.15	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Arrests (incidence; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	244 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.09	Adjusted mean = 0.22	Mean difference = -0.13	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Information on sample sizes for this study was received through communication with the authors. HomVEE previously rated 24-month outcomes for nurse home visitors Moderate due to high attrition. Upon further examination, HomVEE noted that the outcomes had low attrition, and therefore they rate High.
Arrests (incidence; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	226 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.16	Adjusted mean = 0.22	Mean difference = -0.06	Not available	Statistical significance not reported	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Information on sample sizes for this study was received through communication with the authors. HomVEE previously rated 24-month outcomes for nurse home visitors Moderate due to high attrition. Upon further examination, HomVEE noted that the outcomes had low attrition, and therefore they rate High.
Convictions (incidence; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.05	Adjusted mean = 0.13	Mean difference = -0.08	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Convictions (incidence; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.03	Adjusted mean = 0.13	Mean difference = -0.10	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Days in jail (incidence; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.01	Adjusted mean = 0.65	Mean difference = -0.64	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Days in jail (incidence; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 0.13	Adjusted mean = 0.65	Mean difference = -0.52	Not available	Statistical significance not reported

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., et al. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children’s criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(14), 1238–1244.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Ever was person inneed of supervision (PINS; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	Unknown	% (adjusted) = 8.00	Adjusted mean % = 13.00	Mean difference = -5.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.33	Not statistically significant, p = 0.33	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
Ever was person inneed of supervision (PINS; self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 adolescents	% (adjusted) = 11.00	Adjusted mean % = 13.00	Mean difference = -2.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.75	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
Incidence of arrests (mother report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.08	Adjusted mean = 0.12	Mean difference = -0.04	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.37	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence of arrests (mother report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	277 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.11	Adjusted mean = 0.12	Mean difference = -0.01	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.73	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence–arrests (self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.16	Adjusted mean = 0.36	Mean difference = -0.20	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.01	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence–convictions and probation violations (self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.06	Adjusted mean = 0.27	Mean difference = -0.21	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.01	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence–convictions and probation violations (self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.10	Adjusted mean = 0.27	Mean difference = -0.17	Not available	Statistically significant, p < 0.01	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence–long-term school suspensions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.01	Adjusted mean = 0.04	Mean difference = -0.03	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 1.00	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence–sent to youth corrections (self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.05	Adjusted mean = 0.05	Mean difference = 0.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.98	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence–sent to youth corrections (self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.04	Adjusted mean = 0.05	Mean difference = -0.01	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.98	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Incidence–short-term school suspensions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 0.27	Adjusted mean = 0.28	Mean difference = -0.01	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.97	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the log-incidence difference.
Number of major delinquent acts (self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 2.79	Adjusted mean = 3.02	Mean difference = -0.23	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.93
Number of major delinquent acts (self-report)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 adolescents	Adjusted mean = 3.57	Adjusted mean = 3.02	Mean difference = 0.55	Not available	Not statistically significant, p = 0.48

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Arcoleo, K. J., Anson, E. A., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., Henderson, C. R., Bondy, J., & Stevenson, A. J. (2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on maternal life course and government spending: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(5), 419-424

Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Intimate partner violence	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	%(adjusted) = 22.00	Adjusted mean % = 21.00	OR = 1.06	HomVEE calculated = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Maternal arrests	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	0 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	%(adjusted) = 49.00	Adjusted mean % = 36.00	OR = 1.36	HomVEE calculated = 0.32	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Mother jailed	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	% (adjusted) = 13.00	Adjusted mean % = 13.00	OR = 0.97	HomVEE calculated = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W., et al. (2004). Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age 6 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1550–1559

Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Any domestic violence, birth to age 6	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	% (adjusted) = 39.00	Adjusted mean % = 40.00	OR = 0.97	Study reported = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.87	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., et al. (2007). Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal and child functioning: Age-9 follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 120(4), e832–e845.

Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)^®

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Any domestic violence (6–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	= 0.21	= 0.24	OR = 0.81	HomVEE calculated = -0.11	Not statistically significant, p = 0.37	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
Mother jailed (6–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	= 0.04	= 0.03	OR = 1.46	HomVEE calculated = 0.25	Not statistically significant, p = 0.46	Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
Number of maternal arrests (6–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Mean = 0.41	Mean = 0.30	Mean difference = 0.11	Study reported = 1.35	Not statistically significant, p = 0.16

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1560-1568.

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Any domestic violence (past 6 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	= 0.07	= 0.14	OR = 0.47	HomVEE calculated = -0.46	Statistically significant, p = 0.05
Any domestic violence (since child age 2)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	= 0.16	= 0.24	OR = 0.60	HomVEE calculated = -0.31	Not statistically significant, p = 0.09

Findings rated moderate

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Any domestic violence (past 6 months)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	= 0.14	= 0.14	OR = 1.05	HomVEE calculated = 0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.88
Any domestic violence (since child age 2)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	= 0.22	= 0.24	OR = 0.90	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p = 0.72

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